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In silico Identification of Drug and Vaccine Targets Against Human, Animal, and Plant Pathogens
Published in Jean F. Challacombe, Metabolic Pathway Engineering, 2021
Biosynthetic pathways for various lipids (phospholipids, sphingolipids, fatty acids, and neutral lipids) have been identified as good antifungal targets in C. albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, C. neoformans, C. parapsilosis, and Ustilago maydis [64]. Other potential targets include enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the B vitamins riboflavin (riboB), pantothenic acid (panA), pyridoxine (pyroA) and thiamine (thiB). Deletion studies showed that riboflavin and pantothenic acid biosynthesis are attractive targets for novel antifungal therapy [69]. As fungi need to acquire nitrogen for growth and metabolism from amino acids, amino acid metabolism has been recently suggested as a very broad potential anti-fungal target [75]. In general, the targets that are critical for fungal metabolism can be identified by looking at pathways that are active and carry a lot of flux under environmental conditions that favor growth and virulence [70]. This knowledge can be used to analyze how different metabolites affect fungal growth and identify the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of key metabolites, so they can be investigated as anti-fungal targets.
Nanonutraceutical Delivery Systems
Published in Pradipta Ranjan Rauta, Yugal Kishore Mohanta, Debasis Nayak, Nanotechnology in Biology and Medicine, 2019
Vitamins are widely consumed functional food supplements required for proper functioning and regulation of cellular metabolism. Vitamins act as cofactors and coenzymes which are involved in basic cellular metabolic reactions. These nutrients are included into a wide range of food products such as cereals, flours, bread, soy milk, salt, and formulated beverages. Food fortification and dietary manipulations to incorporate vitamins are commonly practiced to boost immunity and minimize the risk of chronic diseases. Thirteen different types of vitamins are broadly classified into water- and fat-soluble vitamins based on solubility characteristics. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are the fat-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, folacin, cyanobalamin, pantothenic acid, and biotin).
Fermented Milk Products
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Yoghurt has a relatively good nutritional value which makes it so special. Many dieticians provide yoghurt in medication for people having digestion and acidity problems. Yoghurt has calcium, protein, other minerals, and a wide range of vitamins; only levels of vitamin B1 and pantothenic acid are decreased as they are utilized by the bacterial strains used for producing yoghurt. Folic acid is high in quantity in comparison with milk as bacterial strains produce folic acid.
Production and characterization of yeast extracts produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii and Kluyveromyces marxianus
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Furkan Demirgül, Ömer Şimşek, Fatih Bozkurt, Enes Dertli, Osman Sağdıç
Molasses was diluted with distilled water to contain 5% sugar in the bioreactor medium. In order to precipitate heavy metals, molasses mixed with distilled water at a ratio of 1:1 was adjusted to pH 4.5–5.0 with 2 M H2SO4 and then boiled. The mixture cooled to room temperature was centrifuged (Hitachi Centrifuge, Japan) at 9000 rpm for 30 min and the supernatant was used. The supernatant was mixed with NH3SO4 (10 g/100 g sugar), KH2PO4 (5 g/100 g sugar) and yeast extract (2 g/100 g sugar) and filled into the bioreactor (Minifors, Switzerland) consisting of oxygen probe, temperature sensor, pH meter and agitator. After 2 L molasses solution was put into the bioreactor, all connections of the system were closed with silicone hoses and autoclaved at 110 °C for 15 min. To the mixture cooled to room temperature, 1 mL/L vitamin mixture (5 mg/L nicotinic acid, 5 mg/L pantothenic acid, 5 mg/L thiamin and 0.012 mg/L biotin) filtered through 0.45 µm pore diameter was added similarly to Alfenore et al.[14] The same processes were also applied to a 2 L feeding medium, and the fermentation was carried out in a 5 L bioreactor, as a fed-batch with a total volume of 4 L.
The effect of freeze-drying and storage on lysozyme activity, lactoferrin content, superoxide dismutase activity, total antioxidant capacity and fatty acid profile of freeze-dried human milk
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Dorota Martysiak-Żurowska, Patrycja Rożek, Małgorzata Puta
Freeze-drying occurs at sub-zero temperatures with no air access, which stabilizes the nutrients and bioactive compounds in dehydrated products.[43] In a study by Friend et al.,[18] freeze-drying had no effect on the content of lipase, protease, biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid, fat or free FA in human milk. Cortez and Soria[17] demonstrated that also proteins, triglycerides and polyphenols of human milk were not affected by the freeze-drying process, as well as human milk oligosaccharides.[19] In the present study, freeze-drying did not exert a significant influence on LZ activity, SOD activity or LF content of human milk. Furthermore, a minor increase in LZ activity was even observed immediately after lyophilization.
Fruit juices act as biocatalysts in the efficient synthesis of potentially bioactive imidazoles
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Susheel Gulati, Rajvir Singh, Suman Sangwan
The method of preparation of Cocos nucifera L. juice: Cocos nucifera is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family). Its juice is also called coconut water and is used to treat high blood pressure, hypertension, and diarrhea-related dehydration. The main ingredients per 100 g of coconut juice of Cocos nucifera are water (94.99 g), carbohydrates (3.71 g), protein (0.72 g), fat (0.2 g), ascorbic acid (2.4 mg), and pantothenic acid (0.043 mg). Coconut juice also contains many natural bioactive enzymes, such as acid phosphatase, catalase, dehydrogenase, diastase, peroxidase, and RNA-polymerase etc. Due to ascorbic acid and pantothenic acid, coconut juice is weakly acidic. The coconut juice was obtained by perforating the fruit with a knife. The coconut juice was filtered using a filter paper Whatman no 1 for the elimination of residues to get clear juice to be used as a catalyst (36).