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Electrospun Implantable Conducting Nanomaterials
Published in K.M. Praveen, Rony Thomas Murickan, Jobin Joy, Hanna J. Maria, Jozef T. Haponiuk, Sabu Thomas, Electrospun Nanofibers from Bioresources for High-Performance Applications, 2023
Fahimeh Roshanfar, Zohre Mousavi Nejad, Neda Alasvand, K. Anand
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), a polythiophene (PTh) derivative, is another interesting conjugated polymer [87] (Figure 7.4). PEDOT is made when the bicyclic monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) is polymerized. PEDOT has been extensively researched, because of its superior electrical properties and chemical stability. In fact, PEDOT is one of the best choices for use as a transparent electrode in organic light-emitting diodes, electroluminescent lamps, and organic photovoltaics because of its optical transparency [88]. One of the most difficult aspects of employing PEDOT is its low solubility. To solve this problem, the composition of PEDOT with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) could be a useful way to make it a promising conductor for biomedical applications. The low cytotoxicity and good biocompatibility of PEDOT have been proven in many studies [89]. Spencer et al. created electroconductive hydrogels with tunable conductivity using a conducting polymer complex of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS), dispersed within a photo-cross-linkable naturally produced hydrogel, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) [90].
Graphene-Based Polymeric Supercapacitors
Published in Soney C George, Sam John, Sreelakshmi Rajeevan, Polymer Nanocomposites in Supercapacitors, 2023
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was first grown in Bayer’s laboratory in 1980s in Germany [5]. PEDOT was synthesized by polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT). Other methods like electrochemical or chemical techniques can be employed to synthesize PEDOT. In both the methods oxidants are necessary to carry out the reactions. However, PEDOT has notably less solubility in water and therefore initially it was synthesized in a non-aqueous medium or in the presence of surfactant solutions only. But use of water-soluble polyelectrolyte could dodge this problem. Polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) was used for this purpose. PEDOT/PSS is one of the most widely used aqueous suspensions and has good conductivity. With a broad potential range and with better mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability than other suspensions, PEDOT has attracted the attention of scientists as a supercapacitor electrode. The cycle life of PEDOT material is quite impressive and ~85% of capacitance retain over 70,000 cycles at ambient temperature. Other advantages of PEDOT are its environment friendliness and lower band gap (1.5–1.6 eV) [5]. The chemical structures of oxidized and reduced forms of PEDOT are shown in Figure 3.5.
Polymeric Materials for Printed Electronics Application
Published in Anandhan Srinivasan, Selvakumar Murugesan, Arunjunai Raj Mahendran, Progress in Polymer Research for Biomedical, Energy and Specialty Applications, 2023
Chemical oxidative polymerization is a technique used to polymerize conductive monomers. It involves using a solvent as a medium to solubilize the monomers, which are made to react with an oxidizing species such as CuCl2, AlCl3, FeCl3, etc. This process produces HCl as the by-product, thus to avoid harmful by-products like HCl, oxygen is reported to be used as an oxidizing agent (Toshima & Hara, 1995). The oxidizing species produce a cation radical that initiated the polymerization process. The cation-free radical from species like FeCl3 is responsible for creating the conjugated structure with the aid of deprotonation. Polythiophenes like PEDOT can be synthesized from EDOT with the usage of FeCl3 as an oxidizing agent. MWCNT-PEDOT composite is also reported to be synthesized by the polymerization of EDOT monomers with the help of FeCl3 on the MWCNT cables (Reddy et al., 2010). Nanotubes of polyaniline (PANI) have received much attention in the last decade. The chemical oxidation of aniline in a specific condition with organic sulfonic acids has been used to synthesize the same. Chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with water acting as an oxidizing agent is reported by Ć irić -Marjanovic et al. in 2008 (Ć irić-Marjanovic, Trchová, & Stejskal, 2008).
A review on the recent progress, opportunities, and challenges of 4D printing and bioprinting in regenerative medicine
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Parvin Pourmasoumi, Armaghan Moghaddam, Saba Nemati Mahand, Fatemeh Heidari, Zahra Salehi Moghaddam, Mohammad Arjmand, Ines Kühnert, Benjamin Kruppke, Hans-Peter Wiesmann, Hossein Ali Khonakdar
Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is a well-known organic conductive polymer with high conductivity, processability in water, transmittance to light, and flexibility [40]. These unique properties make PEDOT a favorable bioink for 4D printing. For instance, Spencer et al. [41] designed a conductive and biocompatible bioink using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and PEDOT: poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) to improve printing accuracy and conductivity, which could be used as a cell-laden hydrogel. Such a system can be effective in different cell transplantation applications such as cardiac tissue engineering, in which electrical conductivity enhances the bioelectric function, and transplanted cells can differentiate into the target tissue and enhance regeneration. The arginylglycylaspartic acid residue of the GelMA increases cellular interactions with the hydrogel, while the methacryloyl group provides photo-polymerization. The 3D bioprinting process of the construct was performed in a microgel support bath by injecting a cell-laden hydrogel into a bath containing calcium chloride, which led to PEDOT: PSS ionic cross-linking and coiling of GelMA chains. The photo cross-linking was applied to cross-link GelMA and stabilize the bio-printed structure chemically. The printing process is demonstrated in Figure 1(a).
Stretchable electronics: functional materials, fabrication strategies and applications
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Despite their discovery decades before the emerging inorganic nanomaterials described, conductive polymers have only been used as STEs in commercial niche applications. In particular, PEDOT and its derivatives became the most successful conducting polymers because of their intrinsically high conductivity and stability. For example, a fluorosurfactant was introduced into the conducting and transparent PEDOT:PSS film and this film was used as an STE. Four-layer PEDOT:PSS films possessed a sheet resistance of 46 Ω/sq with 82% transmittance (at 550 nm). These films were deposited onto the surface of pre-strained and buckled PDMS substrate. This STE exhibited a high and reversible stretchability and excellent stability without a significant loss in sheet resistance after more than 5000 cyclic stretching tests (0–10% strains) [278,279]. Apart from using individual PDMS as conventional stretchable substrate, stretchable conductors based on PEDOT:PSS and PDMS composite polymers are also fabricated via embedding PDMS oligomer and curing agent into a 3D-PEDOT:PSS aerogel [280].
Nitrogen-doped graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as metal-free electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor applications
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Narendranath Jonna, Manokaran Janakiraman, Shanmuga Sundar Saravananbhavan, Kannan Natarajan, Peng Cao, Balasubramanian Natesan
Electrochemical capacitors are the link amid batteries and conventional capacitors. PEDOT with graphene nanomaterials is used in many semiconductors and other electrical applications. Despite the fact that PEDOT does not have the maximum specific capacitance due to its broad molecular weight (Gao 2017), it displays excellent stability, low bandgap (high conductivity), and admirable electrochemical properties with carbon materials (Chen et al. 2020). Thus, PEDOT is a fitting successor on the nanomaterial surfaces for capturing energy. Graphene is nothing but sp2 hybrid carbon atoms of the hexagonal lattice structure, has been exceptional carbon-based transparency and stable mechanical strength (Lai 2019). Graphene oxide (GO) with polyaniline by means of in situ polymerization is utilized for supercapacitor studies (Zhang et al. 2019). Reports show Pt loaded on carbon-based materials and PEDOT as modified electrodes for energy application complement good electrical, mechanical, and electrochemical resources (Ahmadi and Amini 2011; Patra and Munichandraiah 2009; Sun et al. 2005, 2009). The blending of graphene and PEDOT can bring enhanced fulfillment as electrode materials for fuel cells as well as supercapacitors (Chu, Tsai, and Sun 2012). Primarily, there are not many studies portraying the connection of graphene and PEDOT preferred for energy storage applications. Since conducting polymers with graphene materials offers a good conductivity and surface area can be used as an alternative for other nanomaterials in the energy field. The main objective of the research was to find an alternate to metal electrodes using NG/PEDOT for supercapacitor application and evaluate its electrochemical behavior. In this work, we have synthesized NG/PEDOT via in situ chemical polymerization as suitable metal-free electrode material (Figure 1) for supercapacitor applications and explored various electrochemical behaviors using cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge and discharge studies.