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Basics of Growth Techniques Used for Bulk Single Crystals of Transparent Semiconducting Oxides
Published in Zbigniew Galazka, Transparent Semiconducting Oxides, 2020
The Verneuil method was described in 1902 by the French chemist Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil for growing synthetic gemstones, such as sapphire, ruby, TiO2, and SrTiO3. Later many other oxide crystals were grown with the use of the Verneuil method, such as ZrO2, HfO2, MgAl2O4, Y3Fe5O12, and many other compounds [1]. This method is suitable for high melting point oxides and/or oxides showing features that limit the use melt growth techniques utilizing metal crucibles. Out of bulk TSO single crystals, only 13-Ga2O3 was demonstrated by this technique [130]. The method uses combustion of oxyhydrogen at high temperatures, which melts a starting material to be grown. This is why the Verneuil method is also referred to as the flame fusion method. The advantage of this process is its simplicity and low production costs; however, it is occupied by lower crystal perfection.
Large-scale PV Projects
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Photovoltaics for Commercial and Utilities Power Generation, 2020
There are a number of potential energy storage solutions for use with solar power plants, some of which are applicable for PV power storage too. See below a complete list of presently available energy storage technologies, followed by a discussion of the most promising for use today: Thermal storageSteam accumulatorMolten saltCryogenic liquid air or nitrogenSeasonal thermal storeSolar pondHot bricksFireless locomotiveEutectic systemIce StorageElectrochemical storageBatteriesFlow batteriesFuel cellsElectricalCapacitor SupercapacitorSuperconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)Mechanical storageCompressed air energy storage (CAES)Flywheel energy storageHydraulic accumulatorHydroelectric energy storage SpringGravitational potential energy (device)Chemical storage HydrogenBiofuelsLiquid nitrogenOxyhydrogen and Hydrogen peroxideBiological storageStarchGlycogenElectric grid storage
Usage of on-demand oxyhydrogen gas as clean/renewable fuel for combustion applications: a review
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Osama Majeed Butt, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad, Hang Seng Che, Nasrudin Abd Rahim
The production of pure hydrogen is still very expensive due to utilization of high-end electrolyzers (containing rare earth metals). Recently, the production of oxyhydrogen gas and its effective employment in various sectors of life gained immense interest due to its ease in production, less maintenance, and cost effectiveness (Usman et al. 2020). Oxyhydrogen (stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen) system is essentially a water electrolysis system which produces a mixture of monoatomic and diatomic hydrogen and oxygen, respectively (Baltacioglu et al. 2016; Yilmaz 2010). Water electrolyzer energized by DC power supply have been widely employed to produce oxyhydrogen gas. The water electrolyzers are a combination of carefully designed and stacked metal plates connected to dc power supply. (Figure 1) illustrates simple oxyhydrogen generator (water electrolyzer).