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Free Chain Polymerization (Addition Polymerization)
Published in Charles E. Carraher, Carraher's Polymer Chemistry, 2017
PVC is one of the three most abundantly produced synthetic polymers. PVC is one of the earliest commercially produced polymers. In 1835, Justus von Liebig and his research student Victor Regnault reacted ethylene dichloride with alcoholic potash, forming the monomer vinyl chloride. Later, Regnault believed he had polymerized vinyl chloride but later studies showed it to be poly(vinylidene chloride). In 1872, E. Baumann exposed vinyl chloride sealed in a tube to sunlight and produced a solid, PVC. Klasse, in Germany, found that vinyl chloride could be made by the addition of hydrogen chloride to acetylene in a system that could be scaled up for commercial production. (Today, most vinyl chloride is made from the oxychlorination reaction with ethylene.) By World War I, Germany was producing a number of flexible and rigid PVC products. During World War I, Germany used PVC as a replacement for corrosion-prone metals.
Hydrocarbons as Fuels and Petrochemicals: Shaping the Past, Dominating the Present, Complicating the Future
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Many improved processes for key petrochemicals were introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s. SOHIO developed a process for conversion of propene to acrylonitrile. Oxychlorination of ethylene provided a new route to vinyl chloride. These compounds are the monomers for polyacrylonitrile and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (see Chapter 5). CH2=CHClCH2=CHCNvinylchlorideacrylonitrile
Comprehensive review on catalytic degradation of Cl-VOCs under the practical application conditions
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Fawei Lin, Li Xiang, Zhiman Zhang, Na Li, BeiBei Yan, Chi He, Zhengping Hao, Guanyi Chen
Cl deposition is the most predominant catalyst disrupting effect and cannot be recovered easily. Metal chlorination and oxychlorination (MClx and MClOx) deactivate surface-active oxygen species and affect acidity. In addition, oxychlorides and gaseous HCl/Cl2 can induce volatilization and corrosion of the active phase. Catalyst modification with specific structures and strong interaction can alleviate metal chlorination, whereas the introduction of Brønsted acid sites and hydride sources is a strategy to promote HCl desorption. Water can wash out surface-accumulated Cl species and provide hydride sources to generate HCl. However, the competitive effect from an overly high-water content cannot be ignored. CO2, SO2, and heavy metal decrease the performance of catalysts, whereas the effect of Cl-VOCs, NOx, NH3, and O2 on each other is uncertain.
The Meandering Life of a Research Trajectory: Rare Earths in the Aubervilliers Research Centre (1953–2020)
Published in Ambix, 2021
Before the arrival of rare earths to Aubervilliers, the centre's laboratory for inorganic chemistry had a small team devoted to alumina and catalysts – an unsurprising combination considering that in the 1950s Pechiney was the largest French aluminium manufacturer and that it controlled Naphtachimie, the first French petrochemical giant.34 This CRA unit rapidly extended its work to catalysts other than alumina, such as nickel/silica.35 The laboratory worked on various catalyst supports, catalytic reforming, and catalysts for the manufacture of hydrogen.36 At the end of the 1960s, it contributed to the development of ethylene oxychlorination into chloride solvents and vinyl chloride (CHLOE process). The manufacture of catalysts took place in the Salindres factory.37 In 1968, the catalysis unit was transferred from Aubervilliers to another research centre in La Croix-de-Berny (originally created by Saint-Gobain), where catalysis became used for the first time by Rhône-Poulenc to address the issue of vehicle emissions control.38
Kinetic and reactor performance of a Ni-based catalyst during the production of ethene
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
G. Che-Galicia, R. S. Ruiz-Martínez, D. Rios-Morales, J. A. Ayala-Romero, C. O. Castillo-Araiza
Different catalytic systems have been evaluated to perform the ODH of ethane (Botella et al., 2004, 2005; Karamullaoglu and Dogu, 2003; Heracleous and Lemonidou, 2006; López Nieto et al., 2002; Morales and Lunsford, 1989; Panizza et al., 2003; Solsona et al., 2007; Thorsteinson et al., 1978). Particularly, Ni-based catalysts are attractive materials for the production of ethene out of ethane since they have exhibited high ethene selectivity at relatively low temperatures (Lin et al., 2009, 2010). Although this type of catalytic systems leads to promising catalytic results at laboratory scale, there is still a lack of researching in engineering aspects related to the evaluation of their performance at industrial scale (Che-Galicia et al., 2015). In this regard, the conceptual design of the industrial catalytic reactor becomes attractive but complicated task since the construction of the model to perform it needs to account for the interaction between transport phenomena and kinetics, establishing reasonable assumptions without losing accuracy (Marin et al., 2000). Related to kinetics for the ODH of ethane, both Mars-van Krevelen (Heracleous and Lemonidou, 2006; Le Bars et al., 1992) and Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) (Argyle et al., 2002; Che-Galicia et al., 2014; Elbadawi et al., 2017; Gaab et al., 2007; Linke et al., 2002) type reaction mechanisms have successfully described observations, however, most of these kinetic models have been developed to describe observations from MoV based catalytic systems (Argyle et al., 2002; Che-Galicia et al., 2014; Le Bars et al., 1992; Linke et al., 2002). Related to the reactor design, the industry has made use of the wall cooled fixed bed catalytic reactor presenting a low tube to particle diameter ratio (dt/dp < 8) to perform highly exothermic reactions such as the ODH of ethane (Arpentinier et al., 2001; Froment and Bischoff, 1979), i.e., ethene oxychlorination to 1,2-dichloroethane, propylene oxidation to acrylic acid and o-xylene oxidation to phthalic anhydride, among other selective oxidations (Arpentinier et al., 2001; Castillo-Araiza and López-Isunza, 2010, 2011).