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Carboxylic Acids, Carboxylic Acid Derivatives, and Acyl Substitution Reactions
Published in Michael B. Smith, A Q&A Approach to Organic Chemistry, 2020
The -oic acid ending of the parent carboxylic acid is dropped and replaced with -oyl chloride. The acid chloride of hexanoic acid is therefore hexanoyl chloride. Using the common name acetic acid, the acid chloride is acetyl chloride. What is the structure of each of the following compounds? (a) 5-phenyl-3,3-dimethyloctanoyl chloride (b) malonyl chloride (c) oxalyl chloride (d) phenylacetyl chloride.
CO2 and ethylene epoxide on silicon-doped CNT as metal-free catalyst to produce cyclic ethylene carbonate: a computational study
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Hedieh Mohammadzadeh, Sadegh Afshari
One of the leading greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2). It causes global warming, oceans acidity, and so on, endangers human health. On the other hand, CO2 is a non-toxic, naturally abundant, and economical gas as a type of renewable carbon resource for the synthesis of valuable chemicals [1,2]. Despite the difficulties (thermodynamically stability and kinetically inertness) of efficiently utilising CO2, it has been successfully used to produce many valuable chemicals such as methane, methanol, formic acid, amide, carboxylic acid derivatives and carbonate [3–5]. Among them, producing cyclic carbonates by epoxides and CO2 is one of the most promising ways for CO2 utilisation. The cyclic carbonates can be used as electrolytes, polar solvents and also used to produce polymers like polycarbonates and polyurethanes [6–8]. Ethylene carbonate is a cyclic carbonate with a large scale and wide range of applications. This cyclic carbonate is produced industrially by several companies worldwide [9]. Ethylene carbonate has an important application as an electrolyte for lithium-based batteries, which are used in electronics. The other applications of ethylene carbonate as solvents are used as a cleaner in painting for stripping and degreasing [8] and also used in cosmetic and personal care products [9]. Ethylene carbonate is also used as a plasticiser, and as a precursor to vinylene carbonate, which is used in polymers and organic synthesis. Also, oxalyl chloride is produced commercially from ethylene carbonate [10]. For many years, researchers have been interested in studying the ways to produce ethylene carbonate by epoxides and CO2. Due to the thermodynamic stability and kinetically inertness of CO2, it needs to use a catalyst for this reaction. The catalysts used by researchers are divided into two main kinds: metal-based catalysts and metal-free catalysts. In the epoxide and CO2 reactions, the metal-based catalysts are the most common. In the metal-based catalysts, the active sites act as Lewis acid in front of the oxygen atom of epoxide, and this reduces the energy barrier for reaction. The metal-based catalysts were used as metal oxide [11], metal salt [12], molecular sieves [13], metallic complex [14], metal–organic frameworks [15], zeolitic imidazolate frameworks [16], metal-doped porous materials [17], etc. Although the activity of metal-based catalysts is excellent for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates, the problem of metal leakage causes environmental pollution, to reduce this problem, the metal-free catalysts may be helpful [18–21].