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Feedstock Preparation
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
Oil shale gas is produced by retorting (pyrolysis) of oil shale (2012). In the pyrolysis process, oil shale is heated until the kerogen in the shale decomposes. There is no exact formula for oil shale gas—the composition of the gas depends of retorted oil shale and exploited technology. Typical components of oil shale gas are usually methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen as well as hydrocarbon derivatives such as ethylene. The gas may also contain hydrogen sulfide and other impurities.
Past, present and future of Coal Bed Methane (CBM): a review with special focus on the Indian scenario
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2023
Dev Joshi, Piyush Prajapati, Pushpa Sharma, Anjali Sharma
Although the amount of unconventional hydrocarbons existing on the planet is significantly higher than that of the conventional hydrocarbons, novice and industry-standard methods are necessary to extract these resources (Masoudian, Airey, and El-Zein 2014; Puri and Yee 1990). India imports crude from foreign countries for 85% of its traditional energy equity. To meet the growing demand of energy, the development of alternative energy resources based on clean energy has received a lot of attention. Shale gas, coal seam gas, gas hydrates, and tight gas are the most common types (or formations). These are found in distinct morphological or sedimentary traps beneath the impermeable rock, seal rock, with or without a hydrocarbon-water interface, below the impermeable rock, seal rock (Gerami et al. 2007; Reddy and Meena 2010; Shao et al. 2012). CBM accumulates in a unique way. An adsorption research of different coal rankings under varying pressure and temperature settings indicates the gas adsorption regulation under the combined effect of temperature and pressure in terms of CBM occurrence. Due to its distinctive accumulation and occurrence, CBM development differs from the conventional and unconventional oil and gas development, such as tight oil, shale gas, and natural gas hydrates (Floodgate and Judd 1992; H. Li, Lau, and Huang 2018; Ojha et al. 2011b). Figure 1 depicts the changes brought about in the progress toward making coal a progressive clean source of energy from being a liability in the past to a potential clean energy source of the future.
Technology developments for the strategic Indian blue economy
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2019
N. Vedachalam, M. Ravindran, M. A. Atmanand
In order to foster the natural gas production from deep waters, deep-water wells have been established in the KG basin at 2483 m water depths. For effective exploitation of the deep blue hydrocarbons, GoI has planned to invest about US$10 billion for the deep-water projects in the KG basin. In the Indian unconventional fossil hydrocarbon segment, coal bed methane, shale oil, shale gas and marine natural gas hydrates constitute 1.2 TCM, 2.7 TCM, 3.8 BB and 1894 TCM respectively (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas 2018; International Energy Agency 2017). It is estimated that the increased production of natural gas (NG) from the domestically available unconventional hydrocarbon resources (Figure 5) at 9.8% growth rate shall lead to natural gas import independence by 2047,and helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power generation sector (Vedachalam et al. 2017).
Saturates and aromatics characterization in heavy crude oil upgrading using Ni–Co/γ-Al2O3 catalysts
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2020
Onoriode P. Avbenake, Rashid S. Al-Hajri, Baba Y. Jibril
Among the eight types of unconventional oil and gas resources available—heavy crude, oil sand, oil shale, gas and syncrude from coal, tight gas, coalbed methane, gas hydrates, and biofuels; heavy crude oil is most promising because of its abundance (Shah et al. 2011) and extensive study (Greff and Babadagli 2011; Galukhin et al. 2015). They are characterized with low API gravity and higher content heavy molecular weight hydrocarbons resulting in high viscosity, which de-activates catalysts during refining and impedes its free flow during production respectively.