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Biomaterial, Host, and Microbial Interactions
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
To overcome the above limitations, Stewart et al. (2018) have developed a novel, self-assembly approach to incorporate an antimicrobial drug into silica, by using the drug itself as the templating agent to synthesize drug-silica co-assembled particle (DSPs) (Figure 5.8b). By one-step self-assembly, these DSPs are very highly loaded with the drug, to levels of about 50 vol%, much higher than conventional drug-loading methods (about 1–3 vol%) (Izquierdo-Barba et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2007; Han et al. 2015; He et al. 2010, 2011; Izquierdo-Barba et al. 2005; Zhang et al. 2014). This bottom-up, tailored design of DSPs greatly extends the release timeframe, while also simplifying synthesis (Stewart et al. 2018). These advantages are made possible by the amphiphilic, self-assembling properties of several drug molecules. These drugs form micelles in solutions, creating a charged catalytic site at the micelle water-facing surface where silica precursors may hydrolyze and condense. This results in the formation of a stabilizing silica structure permeated by ordered drug channels, with a very high weight ratio of a drug (>30 wt%). The antimicrobial drug, in this case, octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT), is a highly biocompatible cationic surfactant antiseptic that shows broad efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with no known bacterial resistance (Hübner et al. 2010; Dogan et al. 2008; Rohrer et al. 2010).
Application of Nanobioformulations for Controlled Release and Targeted Biodistribution of Drugs
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
Josef Jampílek, Katarina Král’ová
As a promising carrier for various pharmaceutical applications, especially as a poorly water-soluble drug delivery system, also mucoadhesive hydrophobic cationic amino CLS was recommended (Songsurang et al., 2015). Excellently biodegradable and biocompatible aerogels from polyethylenimine-grafted CLS nanofibrils exhibited a high drug loading capability, sustained and controlled release behavior of the aerogels being highly dependent on pH and temperature (Zhao et al., 2015a). For BC functionalized with the antiseptic drug octenidine, rapid release in the first 8 h followed by a slower release rate up to 96 h was estimated. NPs of octenidine loaded BC showing high biocompatibility in human keratinocytes, antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and preservation of drug antibacterial activity over a period of 6 months represent a ready-to-use wound dressing for the treatment of infected wounds (Moritz et al., 2014). Antimicrobial BC membranes obtained by chemical grafting of aminoalkyl groups onto the surface of its nanofibrillar network were found to be simultaneously lethal against S. aureus and Escherichia coli and non-toxic to human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, indicating that they may be useful for biomedical applications (Fernandes et al., 2013). As BC does not exhibit antimicrobial properties, this approach intends to mimic intrinsic antimicrobial properties of CS.
Antimicrobial silicone skin adhesives facilitated by controlled octenidine release from glycerol compartments
Published in International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, 2023
V. Chiaula, J. Jeppe Madsen, F.B. Madsen, P. Mazurek, A. C. Nielsen, A. L. Skov
Octenidine (Figure 1(a)) is a positively charged bis-pyridinamine with a broad spectrum of antibacterial (both toward Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative bacteria) and antifungal properties – as well as some antiviral ones – and is capable of inhibiting biofilm formation [35,36]. Additionally, octenidine has high biocompatibility, no known bacterial resistance, and is currently used as a wound cleansing agent and topical antiseptic [37,38]. Because its chemical structure includes long alkyl chains and two amine groups, octenidine’s direct incorporation into silicone-based skin adhesives is not trivial, since the combination of alkyl chains and amine groups renders it amphiphilic and the amine groups inhibit the hydrosilylation reaction. A new strategy to allow octenidine incorporation into silicone adhesives is thus required.