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Gene Therapy and Gene Correction
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Manish P. Patel, Sagar A. Popat, Jayvadan K. Patel
Both these techniques give us an idea of the phenotypic changes occurring due to genotype modification. In over-expression and in loss of function, gene correction is a major tool. Gene correction and genome editing are synonyms for each other. Specifically, genome editing is engineering of genes in which precise genome modifications are brought about using artificially engineered nucleases in transgenic animals or in a desired living being (Porteus et al. 2016). Engineered nucleases are used to introduce DNA insertions, deletions or replacements at sequence-specific sites.
Novel extracellular synthesized silver nanoparticles using thermophilic Anoxybacillus flavithermus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus and their evaluation as nanodrugs
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Gülay Giray, Serpil Gonca, Sadin Özdemir, Zelal Isik, Erkan Yılmaz, Mustafa Soylak, Nadir Dizge
DNA is a macromolecule called nucleic acid, which carries the vital functions of all organisms and some viruses. It contains all the genetic information of living organisms. Therefore, DNA can be the most significant target molecule in anti-cancer and anti-microbial researches. DNA nuclease activity of T1-AgNPs and T2-AgNPs was performed using E. coli pBR322 plasmid DNA. If one breakage occurs on pBR322plasmid DNA molecule (Form I), Form II will form. However, if a double chain breakdown occurs, Form III will form which move between Form I and Form II. DNA cleavage ability of T1-AgNPs and T2-AgNPs is shown in Figures S1 and S2. DNA cleavage ability of extracellular synthesized T1-AgNPs and T2-AgNPs tested at various doses. Both new extracellular synthesized AgNPs exhibited single-chain DNA fracture activity at all tested concentrations. Gülbağca et al.[34] indicated that they synthesized AgNPs using Rosa canina (Rc-AgNPs). They also investigated the effectiveness of DNA fragmentation of new synthesized Rc-AgNPs and it was found that Rc-AgNPs demonstrated DNA cleavage ability. In this study, T1-AgNPs and T2-AgNPs caused damage to plasmid DNA and we think that T1-AgNPs and T2-AgNPs can be utilized as chemical nuclease agents.
Tunable nonenzymatic degradability of N-substituted polyaspartamide main chain by amine protonation and alkyl spacer length in side chains for enhanced messenger RNA transfection efficiency
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2019
Mitsuru Naito, Yuta Otsu, Rimpei Kamegawa, Kotaro Hayashi, Satoshi Uchida, Hyun Jin Kim, Kanjiro Miyata
Biodegradable polymers have been widely used in biomaterial applications, such as drug delivery [1,2] and tissue engineering [3,4]. The biodegradability of polymers is a great advantage because degraded products or fragments are more rapidly metabolized or eliminated from the body, compared to the parent polymers. Biodegradable polymers are likely to elicit low cytotoxicity compared to the nondegradable polymers [5,6]. The drug delivery systems fabricated using biodegradable polymers allow for time-dependent (or controlled) release of drug payloads [7]. The drug releasability is particularly important for nucleic acid delivery [8]. Vulnerable nucleic acids, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA), need delivery vehicles for protection against nuclease degradation. Polyion complexes (PICs) fabricated between the nucleic acid and the polycations have been extensively developed to fulfill the demand for delivery of nucleic acids [9–12]. Previous studies have demonstrated that polycations with a high positive charge are desirable for fabricating stable PICs with nucleic acids through electrostatic interactions [13,14]. However, such stable PICs in turn may compromise the release efficiency of nucleic acid payload in the target cells. Thus, the availability of novel biodegradable polycations with efficient payload releasability and low cytotoxicity still remains a major challenge in nucleic acid delivery.
Genotoxicity of quinone: An insight on DNA adducts and its LC-MS-based detection
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Yue Xiong, Han Yeong Kaw, Lizhong Zhu, Wei Wang
Enzymatic hydrolysis can release both stable unmodified and adducted 2′-deoxynucleosides. The first step for enzymatic hydrolysis involved the digestion of DNA chain into mononucleotides or oligonucleotides by deoxyribonucleases, for example Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I), Nuclease P1 (NP1) and Benzonase nuclease. Then, phosphodiesterases (PDE I, PDE II) or snake venom phosphodiesterase (SVP) attacked the 3′-or 5′-terminal OH-groups to break the phosphodiester bonds, thus releasing the respective 5′- and 3′-mononucleotides. Finally, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) removed phosphate from the alkaline phosphatase group.