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DNA Markers in Forensic and Diagnostic Science
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
M. Y. Tatfeng, D. E. Agbonlahor, Ifeoma B. Enweani-Nwokelo, Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, Francisca Nwaokorie, E. A. Brisibe, D. Esiobu
A nucleotide contains three molecules namely: a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base. The sugar deoxyribose (from which DNA derives its name and ribose in RNA) and phosphate molecules form the ribbon-like backbone of the DNA strand and are similar in all nucleotides. The third molecule of the nucleotide is the base. These three molecules are linked to one another by a covalent bond, while a phosphodiester bond links all nucleotides together.
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Ribonucleotide or ribotide is a nucleotide containing D-ribose as its pentose component. It is considered a molecular precursor of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. The monomer itself from ribonucleotides forms the basic building blocks for RNA. However, the reduction of ribonucleotide, by enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), forms deoxyribonucleotide, which is the essential building block for DNA. There are several differences between DNA deoxyribonucleotides and RNA ribonucleotides. Successive nucleotides are linked together via phosphodiester bonds.
Biomolecules and Complex Biological Entities
Published in Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy, BioMEMS, 2016
Simona Badilescu, Muthukumaran Packirisamy
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are synthesized in cells by DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases, which are enzymes, while short fragments of nucleic acids can be produced without enzymes. They are polymers of nucleotides linked through phosphodiester bonds. As shown in the introduction, DNA serves as an information-carrying molecule.
Lyotropic isotropic to columnar phase transition in RNA solutions
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2022
RNA is generally found in organisms as a single-stranded chain of nucleotides. RNA is a linear polymer of nucleotides linked by a ribose-phosphate backbone. Polymerization of nucleotides occurs in a condensation reaction in which phosphodiester bonds are formed. RNA helices intrinsically resist bend or twist deformations. Generally, RNA is fairly rigid and posses high flexibility. Some RNA are also moderately flexible. RNA is an important precursor to DNA. The self-assembly of RNA NTP (rNTPs) is a template of the RNA world and the origins of life. RNA contains a Ribose sugar, which has two hydroxyl groups make the RNA less stable in solution because of their propensity for hydrolysis [1]. RNA has a higher tilt of its bases as well as a shorter rise for the base pairs [1]. The three most commonly studied of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), which are present in all organism.
Phosphoester hydrolysis promoted by quinoline functionalized Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Qazi Mohammad Junaid, Popuri Sureshbabu, Shahulhameed Sabiah
Phosphodiester bonds are central to all life on earth as they make up the backbone of the strands of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are the storehouse of biological information [1]. They are polymeric diesters of phosphoric acid held by phosphodiester linkages which are remarkably stable under physiological conditions. The half-life for the hydrolysis of an individual phosphodiester bond in DNA has been estimated to be 30 million years at 25 °C [2]. The remarkable catalytic efficiency of nucleases in cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages has made it a subject of intense mechanistic studies.