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Static efficiency
Published in Peter M. Schwarz, Energy Economics, 2023
Russia wished to increase its exports of natural gas to Germany with Nord Stream 2, having already shipped natural gas using Nord Stream. There were economic objections to the noncompetitive arrangement, as well as political objections, given Russia’s use of its energy supplies to achieve political gains. With Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Germany stated it would not finalize the agreement.
Russian gas in Europe: pipeline and hubs price convergence analysis
Published in Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2022
As the European Union continued the supply-diversification policy, support for LNG import became a key instrument. It coincided with the maturation of the global LNG market and an increase in US LNG export capacity. However, increased LNG import has not significantly reduced the Russian pipeline gas market share. The reason was that Russia successfully promoted Nord Stream-1 and later Nord Stream-2 in response to the gas conflict with Ukraine, which significantly increased pipeline gas presence in the EU market. As a result, even Russian LNG has not demonstrated intense competition with pipeline gas. Total pipeline gas flows increased in almost all countries where significant LNG volumes came from – France, Netherlands, and Spain (Table 1, Appendix A).9The table compares only the countries where both the Russian pipeline and LNG come. Details is given in Appendix A.10UK is excluded from the total sum. Germany is given in the Table for volumes disproportional difference.11GIIGNL reports URL: https://giignl.org/resources2/ (accessed: 01.07.2022).12Gazprom Export marketing data. URL: (accessed: 10.09.2022).
Offshore oil and gas records circa 2020
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2022
Nord Stream is the longest offshore pipeline transporting natural gas from landfall near Vyborg, Russia, across the Gulf of Finland and Baltic Sea to landfall near Lubmin, Germany, a length of approximately 1225 km in water depths up to 210 m (Figure 23). Reported capital cost was €7.4 billion for dual 48-in pipelines and the amount of steel was estimated to be 240 times the amount used in the Eiffel tower (Bruschi 2012). The $10.5 billion Nord Stream 2 pipeline follows nearly the same route as Nord Stream 1 and is expected to be finished in 2021–2022.