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1,4-Dioxane Chemistry, Uses, and Occurrence
Published in Thomas K.G. Mohr, William H. DiGuiseppi, Janet K. Anderson, James W. Hatton, Jeremy Bishop, Barrie Selcoe, William B. Kappleman, Environmental Investigation and Remediation, 2020
The active spermicide nonoxynol-9 has been commonly used in contraceptive products since the 1970s. Nonoxynol-9 is among the surfactants that may contain 1,4-dioxane as an impurity of production. The levels of 1,4-dioxane present were deemed to be less than the 10 ppm limit recommended for polysorbates in food and applied to contraceptives by the FDA (FDA, 1997a). Protracted debate over the safety of a contraceptive sponge in the 1980s and 1990s focused on the presence of 1,4-dioxane in nonoxynol-9 in the “Today” sponge. The FDA determined that there is no appreciable risk because of lack of vaginal absorption of nonoxynol-9 (Woodcock, 1997). Approximately one-sixth of the nonoxynol-9 contained in the sponge is released during use. The process used to create the contraceptive sponge is thought to drive off 1,4-dioxane, reducing its concentration sevenfold (FDA, 1997b). The level of 1,4-dioxane present in nonoxynol-9, 7 ppm, would probably not appear in the sponge (Medical Economics Publishing, 1983). Nonoxynol-9 is also used as a spermicidal lubricant in condoms and related products.
Sources of Endocrine Disrupters
Published in Jason W. Birkett, John N. Lester, Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes, 2002
Cosmetic products such as makeup, skin creams, hair care products, and bathing products may also be direct sources of exposure to these compounds. An example is Nonoxynol – 9 (NP9EO), used as a spermicide in contraceptive products.57
Silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and its potential application in medical protective clothing – a review
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Toufique Ahmed, R. Tugrul Ogulata, Sabiha Sezgin Bozok
Presently a wide range of antiviral agents is used against different viruses. For example, Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are used for poliovirus and Adenovirus type-2 (Torkelson et al., 2012). For HIV, Nonoxynol 9 (N-9) and Polyvinyl-pyrrolidone-Iodine complex (PVP-I) is used (Snyder, 2000). Polycation NN-dodecyl, methyl-polyethylenimine (N, N dodecyl, methyl-PEI) are used against the influenza-A virus (Haldar et al., 2008). Polyamidoamine or polylysine-like dendrimers have antiviral activity against HIV and other enveloped viruses (Matthews & Holan, 2001). Among metal nanoparticles Ag, Cu, Zn, TiO2, etc., have antiviral activity (Pemmada et al., 2020). Hybrid coating of silver, copper, and zinc cations showed antiviral activity against HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses, including influenza virus, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and coxsackievirus (Hodek et al., 2016). Oseltamivir (OTV), like therapeutic agents combined with silver nanoparticles, can effectively inhibit the H1N1 virus. Other metals such as gold, copper, ZnO, and TiO2 nanoparticles also have antiviral activity (J. Zhou et al., 2020). ).
PEGylated microemulsion for dexamethasone delivery to posterior segment of eye
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Preparation of ME involves careful selection of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant as well as relative ratio of them. These were selected on the basis of reported ocular use, non-toxicity or non-irritancy and their capabilities of holding highest amount of Dex and emulsification. On account of this, solubility of Dex was evaluated in isopropyl myristate, Captex 300 EP, Maisine 35-1, Peceol, Lauroglycol 90, Capmul MCM EP, Capmul MCM C8, and Capryol 90. For surfactant and cosurfactant, Labrafil M2125CS, Transcutol HP [32,33], labrasol, Kolliphor RH40 [11,12,34,35], Tween 80 [12], nonoxynol-9, span 60 were evaluated [36]. Excess amount of Dex was dissolved in fixed weight (500 mg) of oil/surfactant/cosurfactant by vortexing, heating and bath sonication and these samples were subjected to orbital shaker incubator at 37 degree centigrade (°C) and 100 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 72 hour (h). After this, samples were centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 0.5 h and 100 mg of supernatant was removed and analysed using revalidated HPLC analytical method (Supplementary data SP1) [37,38].