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Cyanobacterial toxins
Published in Ingrid Chorus, Martin Welker, Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water, 2021
For nodularin, the degradation by microbial activity was demonstrated in marine and freshwater environments (Heresztyn & Nicholson, 1997; Edwards et al., 2008; Toruńska et al., 2008). The linearisation of nodularin by a Sphingomonas strain was demonstrated suggesting a similar degradation pathway as for microcystins (Imanishi et al., 2005; Kato et al., 2007), and Paucibacter toxinivorans has also been shown to degrade nodularin (Rapala et al., 1997). Other Sphingomonas strains, however, could not degrade nodularin or nodularin-Har, or only in the presence of microcystin-RR (Jones et al., 1994a; Ishii et al., 2004).
Evaluation of Water and Its Contaminants
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Globally, the most common toxins present in cyanobacterial blooms in fresh and brackish waters are the cyclic peptide toxins of the nodularin family. Like the microcystin family (above), nodularins are potent hepatotoxins and can cause serious damage to the liver. They present health risks for wild and domestic animals as well as humans, and in many areas pose major challenges for the provision of safe drinking water.651
Evaluating historical trends and influences of meteorological and seasonal climate conditions on lake chlorophyll a using remote sensing
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2020
Carly H. Hansen, Steven J. Burian, Philip E. Dennison, Gustavious P. Williams
Aesthetic problems and “lake stink” caused by the decomposition of large algal blooms have been a recurring complaint of visitors to the Great Salt Lake and nearby lakes in Utah for decades. These problems have garnered significant concern from the public following several years of large algal blooms, with extremely high cyanobacteria cell counts (>10,000,000 cells/mL) in Utah Lake, and detected cyanotoxins (including nodularin and microcystin) in Utah Lake and Farmington Bay (Utah Department of Environmental Quality [UDEQ] 2018). Due to irregular historical records, there is little context for how the magnitude of these events compares to those in the past. However, anecdotal history of poor conditions, recent extreme HAB events, and increased public concern have sharpened the focus on water quality and management issues in these lakes and motivated additional monitoring efforts. In light of the local concern for HABs, several continuous buoys have been installed in Utah Lake, and there have been increased efforts to provide resources about algal blooms, update the public on current conditions, and participate in ongoing monitoring efforts such as the multi-agency Cyanobacteria Assessment Network (CyAN). These increased efforts to better understand HABs are echoed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), which encourages increased monitoring and study of HABs using both field sampling methods and techniques such as remote sensing (US Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] 2017). Additional information is still needed about past conditions to provide science-based evidence that supports monitoring, policy, and management decisions. This historical information is necessary for providing context for current conditions and understanding of how water quality conditions have changed over a long period of time.