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Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
N-nitroso compounds (nitrosamines) contain the N–N=O functional group and have been found in a variety of materials to which humans may be exposed, including beer, whiskey, and cutting oils used in machining. Cancer may result from exposure to a single large dose or from chronic exposure to relatively small doses of some nitrosamines. Once widely used as an industrial solvent and known to cause liver damage and jaundice in exposed workers, dimethylnitrosamine was shown to be carcinogenic from studies starting in the 1950s.
Biotransformation of Occupational Carcinogens
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
N-Nitrosamines have been shown to be carcinogenic in 39 species of experimental animals. None of the species tested so far has been resistant to their carcinogenic effects. It is therefore unlikely that man would be resistant to the carcinogenic effect of N-nitrosamines. Nevertheless, a causal relationship between N-nitrosamine exposure and human cancer has yet to be demonstrated. Epidemiological studies have shown that machinists may be exposed to significant amounts of N-nitrosoamines present in cutting fluids. Workers in the American rubber industry have a higher incidence of several types of cancer, and relatively high amounts of N-nitrosomorpholine have been detected in the air in rubber factories. The etiological role of these N-nitrosamines in the increased incidence of cancer in rubber factories is difficult to assess because of the presence of other known human carcinogens.
Metalworking Fluids
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
William L. Brown, Richard G. Butler
In the late 1960s, the presence of nitrosamines in chemical MWFs was discovered. Nitrosamines can be formed by reactions between nitrites and monoethanolamine or diethanolamine. Particular attention was given to the discovery of N-nitroso-diethanolamine (NDELA) in MWFs. NDELA is a potent carcinogen in rats and hamsters [25], and it is known to be absorbed through human skin [26]. Because of concerns about the exposure of machinists to NDELA, much work was done during the mid-1970s to find replacements for sodium nitrite [22]. The best substitutes were found to be amine borates or the salts of organic acids and amines. By 1980 the use of nitrites in MWFs had been essentially eliminated.
Probabilistic cancer risk assessment for dietary intake of seven nitrosamine chemicals in Korea
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Jae-Woong Jung, Un-Jung Kim, Wook-Joon Yu, June-Woo Park, Eun Ju Jeong
Nitrosamines are probable or possible human carcinogens easily found in ambient air, drinking water, soil, foods, cosmetics, cigarettes, personal care products, packing materials and even in blood pressure medications (Scanlan and Issenberg 1975; Snodin and Elder 2019; USEPA 2017). Even though there is no direct evidence that nitrosamines can develop tumors in humans yet, much evidence suggests that the nitrosamines can develop tumors in experimental mammalian animals. For example, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a member of N-nitrosamines, produced liver tumors in brain dead (BD) rats and in female Porton rats when administered in drinking water and the diet, respectively (Druckrey et al. 1972; Terracini et al. 1967). Another study revealed that NDMA developed hemangiomatous tumors and parenchymal cell tumors in the livers of rats after oral administration (Magee et al. 1976).
Role of various factors affecting the photochemical treatment of N-nitrosamines related to CO2 capture
Published in Environmental Technology, 2020
Global warming, or climate change, is one of the major environmental challenges at present [1]. Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industries and fossil fuel power plants are major sources of greenhouse gases [2]. Carbon capture and storage could play a significant role in global warming mitigation techniques. Post-combustion CO2 capture by absorption with amine solvents is currently the most viable option due to its industrial maturity and retrofitting capability [3–6]. However, an emerging concern is the formation and potential emissions of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines to the environment, which could be detrimental to the application of this technique [7–9]. N-nitrosamines have been categorized as extremely potent human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) [10]. Therefore, several developed countries have implemented, or are implementing, strict laws for tolerable N-nitrosamines limits in air and water. For instance, the Norwegian Public Health Institute proposed limits of 0.3 ng/m3 in air and 4 ng/L in drinking water for all nitrosamines [8].
Perspectives on trace chemical safety and chemophobia: risk communication and risk management
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2019
Byung-Mu Lee, Seok Kwon, Yun Mi Cho, Kyu-Bong Kim, Kyungwon Seo, Choong Sik Min, Kyoungeun Kim
Nitrosamines, such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA, Group 2A), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA, Group 2A), and N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA, Group 2B), are often detected in consumer products and classified as probable (Group 2A) or possible (Group 2B) human carcinogens by IARC (Lim et al. 2018b; IARC 2018). The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) suggested in 2012 that a limit of 50 µg/kg for nitrosamines needs to be applied to both raw materials and finished products (SCCS 2012). In 2018, the anti-hypertensive drug valsartan was recalled from market in many countries including Asia (South Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan, etc.), Europe (Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, etc.), and North America (Canada, USA).