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Viruses as Nanomaterials
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Dushyant R. Dudhagara, Megha S. Gadhvi, Anjana K. Vala
Furthermore, these VLPs have superparamagnetic properties and may be used in MRI (Huang et al. 2007). Viral capsids also act as constrained reaction environments for the synthesis of nanomaterials. In the synthesis of nanomaterials, viral capsids often serve as restricted reaction conditions. Organic self-assembly in combination with inorganic photo-responsive nanoparticles of II–VI semiconductors offers a method for fabricating quantum-confined semiconductor arrays. The self-assembly of VLPs of BMV virus around quantum dots (QDs) (CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals) functionalized with HS-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)–COOH and DNA have been demonstrated. However, dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA)-coated QDs and phospholipid micelle-coated QDs did not induce the BMV capsid assembly. VLPs with HSPEG–COOH coated QDs were found to be photostable to long-wavelength visible light and to have the greatest ability to induce BMV capsid assembly (Huang et al. 2007). Furthermore, nanoparticle-biomaterial conjugates have many other important biomedical applications, such as for molecular imaging, drug delivery, and biosensors. In particular, the luminescence property of encapsulated QDs in VLPs can be used to fabricate luminescent bioprobes (Dixit et al. 2006). Similarly, the encapsulation of ~19 nm cubic iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coated with carboxyl-terminated PEGylated phospholipids (HOOC-PEG-PL) by BMV capsid shells yielded hybrid encapsulated structures of mean diameter ~37 nm. In Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, these quasi-spherical virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) exhibited cell-to-cell and long-distance transit activity, and also an excellent T2-weighted MRI contrast agent response, and were found to be useful for monitoring physiological processes important for plant growth and development (Huang et al. 2011).
Nanophytovirology Approach to Combat Plant Viral Diseases
Published in Sunil K. Deshmukh, Mandira Kochar, Pawan Kaur, Pushplata Prasad Singh, Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2023
Sanjana Varma, Neha Jaiswal, Niraj Vyawahare, Anil T Pawar, Rashmi S Tupe, Varsha Wankhade, Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth, Bhushan P Chaudhari
Carbon-based NPs have the potential to eradicate plant pathogens but they are less studied for antiviral application (Banerjee et al., 2021). Recently it was reported that carbon nanotubes and C60 fullerenes at their application, that was before the viral infection, inhibited the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants at a concentration of 200 mg L-1 (Adeel et al., 2021).
Aquaporins mediated arsenite transport in plants: Molecular mechanisms and applications in crop improvement
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Fenglin Deng, Xue Liu, Yanshan Chen, Bala Rathinasabapathi, Christopher Rensing, Jian Chen, Jue Bi, Ping Xiang, Lena Q. Ma
In addition, protein ubiquitination is also involved in As detoxification and accumulation in plants. Expression levels of the components and intermediates of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway are induced in A. thaliana under As stress (Fu et al., 2014). In rice seedlings, three members (OsHIR1, OsAIR1, and OsAIR2) belonging to RING E3 ubiquitin ligase, an enzyme required for protein ubiquitination, are up-regulated by AsV (Lim et al., 2014; Hwang et al., 2017). Their heterologous overexpression in A. thaliana independently enhances As tolerance to varying degrees. Further studies reveal that rice tonoplast intrinsic protein 4;1 (OsTIP4;1) is one of the proteins interacts with OsHIR1 (O. sativa metal-Induced RING E3 ligase 1) (Figure 1). When OsTIP4;1 and OsHIR1 are co-expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves for bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, the signal of the complex fused with fluorescent protein is only observed on the plasma membrane. The protein of OsTIP4;1 is degraded through the ubiquitin 26S proteasome system in the presence of OsHIR1 in vitro. The study suggests that OsHIR1 is a positive-regulator for OsTIP4;1-mediated As uptake, although its physiological role in rice has not been demonstrated (Lim et al., 2014). On the other hand, it is unclear whether AsIII-permeable aquaporins are regulated by OsAIR1 or OsAIR2 (O. sativa As-Induced RING E3 ligase 1/2) (Hwang, Park, Han, & Jang, 2016).