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Third-Level Packaging Materials
Published in Mitel G. Pecht, Rakesh Agarwal, Patrick McCluskey, Terrance Dishongh, Sirus Javadpour, Rahul Mahajan, Electronic Packaging: Materials and Their Properties, 2017
Mitel G. Pecht, Rakesh Agarwal, Patrick McCluskey, Terrance Dishongh, Sirus Javadpour, Rahul Mahajan
Nickel-based alloys have advantages over copper-based alloys: formability before age hardening, improved stress-corrosion resistance, galvanic compatibility, resilience, low stress relaxation and the ability to clad or plate. Typical properties of some nickel alloys are listed in Table 58. The addition of nickel to brass makes nickel-silver, an alloy more resistant to stress, corrosion, and cracking than brass. Nickel-containing alloys generally have a high modulus of elasticity and fatigue strength, making them the preferred materials for applications requiring spring contact. The spring properties are retained at high operating temperatures due to low stress relaxation. At temperatures above 93°C, it is better to employ nickel alloys than copper alloys.
Properties and Uses
Published in Alan Cottrell, An Introduction to Metallurgy, 2019
Nickel forms an important series of alloys with copper, the cupro-nickels. The very good corrosion resistance obtained at about 30% Ni has led to the large-scale use of this alloy for condenser tubes and other applications where corrosive conditions are severe. At 40% Ni an alloy is obtained with a high electrical resistance that varies little with temperature, useful for electrical resistors in control switchgear. Nickel silver (18% Ni, 18% Zn, in Cu) with its silvery colour and good corrosion resistance, is widely used for tableware, particularly when electroplated with silver (EPNS ware).
Metagenome sequencing to unveil the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistome and in a wastewater treatment plant
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Zhonghong Li, Donghai Yuan, Yingying Kou, Xiaoguang Li, Caili Du
Sixteen HMRG types corresponding to aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, nickel, silver, tellurium, tungsten, zinc, as well as multimetal resistance (HMRGs that encoded resistance to two or more metals) were detected via metagenomic analysis in the influent, sludge and effluent sample (Figure 3). The relative abundance of total HMRGs changed from 615.72 ppm in the influent to 554.74 ppm in the sludge and 557.34 ppm in the effluent, which were fewer than those of total ARGs. An obvious decline of the total HMRG abundance was found in the effluent sample, which decreased by 58.38 ppm compared to total HMRG abundance in the effluent sample during the biological processes. Multimetal, copper and arsenic resistance genes were both the major HMRG types in the influent, sludge and effluent sample, which occupied the largest fraction of 77.28%, 71.66% and 70.67% in each sample. Multimetal resistance genes had the highest relative abundance and most frequent both in influent (223.66 ppm, 36.33%), sludge (165.37 ppm, 29.81%) and effluent sample (163.13 ppm, 29.27%), in which there were 45 multimetal resistant genes types encoded resistance to two or more metals such as arsenic/antimony, copper/silver, nickel/cobalt /zinc and so on.
Hand made solar cells from chlorophyll for teaching in high school energy education
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
Cindy Vanessa Restrepo, Edward Benavides, Juan Camilo Zambrano, Víctor Moncayo, Edison Castro
Different electrode pairs were used to study whether they can influence the obtained voltage (See supporting information). As shown in Table 3, using the stock solution, the best electrode pair was nickel-silver, where a value of 1.006 V was obtained. Using nickel-silver electrodes new measurements were performed in a DMM7510 Keithley precision multimeter, resulting in current values on the order of 10−11 A (see Table 4). An active area of 183.91 and 238.41 mm2 were calculated for silver and nickel electrodes, respectively. To increase the output voltage ten cells were connected in series as shown in Figure 3(a and b), and a maximum voltage value of 9.270 V was obtained, which is the suitable voltage required for the LED (Battery University; Ramabadran and Mathur 2009).
Potential of hyperspectral-based geochemical predictions with neural networks for strategic and regional exploration improvement
Published in Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2022
A. Kutzke, H. Eichstaedt, R. Kahnt
Australia has a rich history of research in geological and ore-forming processes, and exploration has led to expertise in many mineral and metal commodities. The Australian continent is prospective for bauxite (aluminium ore), iron ore, lithium, gold, lead, diamonds, rare earth elements, uranium, zinc, manganese, antimony, nickel, silver, cobalt, copper and tin from over 350 operating mines (Geoscience Australia, 2021; Jaques et al., 2002). The intense exploration programs by the well-established mining industry and Australian State and Territories government agencies have cumulated in more than 3.2 million drill holes with thousands hyperspectrally scanned under the framework of the AuScope National Virtual Core Library (AuScope, 2020). Approximately 70 million records of geochemical analyses are available to the public by individual states websites and geological surveys.