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Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storage
Published in Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz M. Ebrahimi, Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, 2018
Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Stefano Longo, Kambiz M. Ebrahimi
Nickel–cadmium technology has seen enormous technical improvement because of the advantages of high specific power (over 220 W/kg), long cycle life (up to 2000 cycles), high tolerance of electric and mechanical abuse, a small voltage drop over a wide range of discharge currents, rapid charge capability (about 40%–80% in 18 min), wide operating temperature range (−40°C to −85°C), low self-discharge rate (<0.5% per day), excellent long-term storage due to negligible corrosion, and availability in a variety of size designs. However, the nickel–cadmium battery has some disadvantages, including high initial cost, relatively low cell voltage, and the carcinogenicity and environmental hazard of cadmium.
Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storages
Published in Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Ali Emadi, and Fuel Cell Vehicles, 2017
Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Ali Emadi
Nickel/cadmium technology has gained enormous technical improvement because of the advantages of high specific power (over 220 W/kg), long cycle life (up to 2000 cycles), high tolerance of electric and mechanical abuse, a small voltage drop over a wide range of discharge currents, rapid charge capability (about 40–80% in 18 min), wide operating temperature (−40°C to −85°C), low self-discharge rate ( <0.5% per day), excellent long-term storage due to negligible corrosion, and availability in a variety of size designs. However, the nickel/cadmium battery has some disadvantages, including high initial cost, relatively low cell voltage, and the carcinogenicity and environmental hazard of cadmium.
Electric Vehicles
Published in Arumugam S. Ramadhas, Alternative Fuels for Transportation, 2016
Nallusamy Nallusamy, Paramasivam Sakthivel, Abhijeet Chausalkar, Arumugam Sakunthalai Ramadhas
A nickel–cadmium battery uses the same positive electrodes and electrolyte as the nickel–iron battery, in combination with metallic cadmium negative electrodes. This technology has seen enormous technical improvement, due to high specific power over 220 W/kg, long cycle life in the order of 2000 cycles, and low-discharge rate. The disadvantages are the high initial cost, relative low-cell voltage, and carcinogenicity of cadmium. There are two types of nickel–cadmium batteries used currently, one is the vented type and other is the sealed type. The vented sintered plate is a more recent development, which has a high specific energy but is more expensive. Sealed type incorporates a specific cell design feature to prevent a build-up of pressure in the cell caused by gassing during overcharge. As a result, the battery requires no maintenance.
A review on synthesis and applications of versatile nanomaterials
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
G. N. Kokila, C. Mallikarjunaswamy, V. Lakshmi Ranganatha
Nowadays, many renewable energy resources are developed, such as solar, wind, hydropower; therefore, it is necessary to develop energy storage technologies that are secure, reliable, efficient, and environmentally benign and can be used in the broad-scale application. The battery is one of the energy storage devices used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles.[299] A battery is an energy device that converts reserved chemical energy into electrical energy whenever required, and a supreme battery must have high specific energy, high power density, prolonged cycle life, excellent ill-use tolerance, and low cost.[300] Different batteries are developed for commercial usage, but many of them have some disadvantages. For example, a lead-acid battery has a limited life cycle, poor performance, and may fail due to a deep and continuous cycling process. Nickel-cadmium battery is expensive, constructed by harmful materials, the recycling infrastructure for this battery is minimal, and has higher self-discharge rate, therefore, needs recharging after storage and easily damaged by overcharging. Lithium-ion battery establishment requires high investment cost, not available in standard cell size, short lifespan, and complete discharge may damage the battery.[301] High cost, reliability, and minimal longevity are the primary restraint for fuel cells and redox flow batteries.[302] Metal-air batteries have limitations like a short life cycle due to variability of cathodes and anodes, discharge of insulated metal oxide product tends to decline the capacity, and existence of high overpotential between charge and discharge.[303] Many of these batteries have slow kinetics of electrochemical reactions, and this problem can be overcome by using nanoparticles as catalysts. Some nanoparticles are also used in cathode and anode construction because of their high theoretical capacity, low cost, environmental-friendly, and unique properties.[304,305]