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Nanotechnology-Based Challenges and Scope in the Food Industry: from Production to Packaging
Published in Ali Pourhashemi, Sankar Chandra Deka, A. K. Haghi, Research Methods and Applications in Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2019
Neelu Singh, Monoj Kumar Das, Anand Ramteke, Paulraj Rajamani, Sankar Chandra Deka, Aftab Ansari, Dambarudhar Mahanta, Anurag Maurya
Nanoemulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids which are not easily miscible, these dispersed droplets varies in diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm.37 These nanoemulsions can encase the functional ingredients within these droplets, preventing their chemical degradation and active constituent will only be released under specific environment.80 Due to their small size, they are advantageous over conventional methods as they show high surface area to volume ratio and therefore are thermally stable. Moreover, they easily interact with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and lipases digest the small droplet of nanoemulsions easily.104 Nanoemulsions are used in the various food products as salad dressing beverages, flavored oils, sweeteners which are released under various environmental triggers such as pH, heat, ultrasonic waves, etc.37 Unlike regular emulsions, many of nanoemulsions are transparent, thus can be easily added in the drinks,78 also used flavoring agent further. Yu and Huang showed nanoemulsions can be used for improving the digestibility of the food such as nanoemulsion of curcumin in oil phase facilitates easy digestion as compared with taken directly.103
Immune Response to Nanoparticles
Published in Nihal Engin Vrana, Biomaterials and Immune Response, 2018
The utilization of NPs enables site-specific targeting and the controlled release of traditional pharmaceuticals, recombinant proteins, vaccines and nucleic acids for many diseases [16]. NPs can enhance the efficiency of a drug by controlling the release kinetics, regulating the biodistribution and minimizing the toxic side effects. Besides, they improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, prolong the residence time of drugs in the systemic circulation by reducing immunogenicity and release drugs at a sustained rate, thus lowering the frequency of administration [3]. They can also provide simultaneous delivery of two or more drugs for combination therapy [3]. Drug delivery formulations in the form of nanosuspensions can be found in the market with different application routes including oral, parenteral, pulmonary and ocular routes [17]. This approach is useful to enhance the solubility, bioavailability and physical and chemical stability of drugs and it provides passive drug targeting [17]. Nanoemulsion formulations also offer several advantages as drug delivery systems due to their high drug loading capacity, enhanced drug solubility and bioavailability, their non-toxic and non-irritant nature and variety in their formulations [18]. In recent years, nanoemulsions have been widely used for solving various difficulties in oral, topical and other routes of administration of drugs [18]. They have also had recent use in targeting to the brain [19].
Nanoemulsion Formulations for Tumor-Targeted Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Sandip B. Tiwari, Mansoor M. Amiji
Nanoemulsion formulations offer several advantages for the delivery of drugs, biologicals, or diagnostic agents. Traditionally, nanoemulsions have been used in clinics for more than four decades as total parenteral nutrition fluids. Several other products for drug delivery applications such as Diprivan®, Liple®, and Ropion® have also reached the marketplace. Although nanoemulsions are chiefly seen as vehicles for administering aqueous insoluble drugs, they have more recently received increasing attention as colloidal carriers for targeted delivery of various anticancer drugs, photosensitizers, neutron capture therapy agents, or diagnostic agents. Because of their sub-micron size, they can be easily targeted to the tumor area. Moreover, the possibility of surface functionalization with a targeting moiety has opened new avenues for targeted delivery of drugs, genes, photosensitizers, and other molecules to the tumor area. Research with perflurochemical nanoemulsions has shown promising results for the treatment of cancer in conjugation with other treatment modalities and targeted delivery to the neovasculature. It is expected that further research and development work will be carried out in the near future for clinical realization of these targeted delivery vehicles.
Formulation of a stable biocosmetic nanoemulsion using a Bacillus lipopeptide as the green-emulsifier for skin-care applications
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Neela Gayathri Ganesan, Małgorzata A. Miastkowska, Jolanta Pulit-Prociak, Pinaki Dey, Vivek Rangarajan
A simple nanoemulsion system for skin-care cosmetic application should comprise four essential ingredients: oil, water, surfactant, and bioactive components. While oil acts as the carrier for a bio-active element, surfactant plays a critical role in holding the two phases, namely oil and water, together with forming an emulsion. Oil-in-water nanoemulsion, the increasingly sought-after emulsion system for cosmetic applications, is primarily characterized by smaller oil droplets with a size range of 20–500 nm uniformly dispersed in a continuous water phase.[3] An essential prerequisite for a good emulsion candidate for cosmetic application is its endurance to stay for a more extended period (i.e., high stability) without undergoing phase separation while keeping all bioactive ingredients intact within the suitable phase.[4] Major factors that determine the stability of nanoemulsions include the composition of the individual component that constitute an emulsion (important being oil-to-surfactant ratio), type of the surfactant used, nature of co-ingredients used, the final droplet size of the dispersed phase, and most importantly the method of nanoemulsion formulation.[5] Of the two commonly adopted high-energy and low-energy methods, high energy methods involving high-pressure homogenization (HPH) or ultrasonication are highly preferred for large-scale preparations since they can produce nanoemulsion with tiny droplets that suit the cosmetic application.[6]
Artemisia vulgaris essential oil nanoemulsions (AVEO-NE), a novel anti-angiogenic agent and safe apoptosis inducer in MCF-7 human cancer cells
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Mahjoubeh Irani, Masoud Homayouni Tabrizi, Touran Ardalan, Toktam Nosrat
In the present study, AVEO was successfully encapsulated in nanoparticles using twin 80 as a surfactant and by ultrasonic method. High pressure homogenization, microfluidization, phase inversion, spontaneous emulsion, solvent evaporation, and ultrasonic are the most important methods of nanoemulsion synthesis.[46] Among these, the ultrasonic method is easy, cost-effective, high energy, clean, and fast for nanoemulsion formulations.[47] In the present study, this method was used to synthesize nanoparticles, which is similar and comparable to some previous studies.[48–50] The use of nonionic surfactants such as sorbitan fatty acid esters, polyglycerols, polyburates, etc. in the synthesis of nanoemulsions is more common than other compounds due to its greater safety. Since surfactants such as Twin 20 and Twin 80 cause stable formulations without the need for detergents, these compounds are the most common surfactants for the formulation of colloidal systems based on essential oils.[51] Similar to the present study in some surveys the Twin 80 was used to synthesize of NEs.[52,53]
Nanoemulsions based edible coatings with potential food applications
Published in International Journal of Biobased Plastics, 2021
Abhishek Dutt Tripathi, Ruchi Sharma, Aparna Agarwal, Dr Rizwana Haleem
The ultrasonication method for the formation of nanoemulsion is efficient in reducing the particle size of nanoemulsions. In this method, a sonicator probe (also known as sonotrodes) is used which possess piezoelectric quartz crystal to break the particles into smaller size and according to the electric voltage can expand or contract the particle size. The tip of the sonicator probe creates mechanical vibration inside the liquid emulsion and leads to the formation and disintegration of vapor cavities inside the liquid emulsion. This ultimately results in the formation of nanoemulsions [33]. This method produces very fine nanoemulsions which are more stable than other techniques. The main reason behind the small droplet size is the usage of high-intensity waves in the ultrasonication method which disturb the forces between oil and water mixture [38].