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Potential of Microalgae for Protein Production
Published in Sanjeet Mehariya, Shashi Kant Bhatia, Obulisamy Parthiba Karthikeyan, Algal Biorefineries and the Circular Bioeconomy, 2022
Elena M. Rojo, Alejandro Filipigh, David Moldes, Marisol Vega, Silvia Bolado
Among the common macronutrients found in microalgae, proteins are almost half of the dry weight, and water-soluble proteins that can be liberated from algal cells varies between 21–90% (Grossmann et al., 2020a), and phycobiliproteins may account for 50% of the total crude protein (Pagels et al., 2019). It is worth noting that the “crude protein” is usually overestimated, as it includes other non-protein nitrogen compounds, such as nucleic acids (which for some species account for 3–6%), pigments, glucosamides, or inorganic components (Becker, 2007). Proteins are crucial in microalgae metabolism and are involved in growth and maintenance processes. They also act as chemical messengers, regulators, and provide defense against other microorganisms. Nowadays, microalgae's protein quality is beyond doubt due it is known for its excellent digestibility, and it provides in high amounts the nine essential amino acids that humans do not synthesize (Acquah et al., 2020). This, coupled with their high biomass productivity rates, makes microalgae a potential answer to worldwide proteins demands.
Valorization of Waste and By-products from the agrofood Industry using Fermentation processes and enzyme treatments
Published in Quan V. Vuong, Utilisation of Bioactive Compounds from Agricultural and Food Waste, 2017
Phuong Nguyen Nhat Minh, Thien Trung Le, John Van Camp, Katleen Raes
Dairy products are a major and important part of the food industry. The production process of dairy products results in a significant amount of by-products including skim milk, buttermilk, ghee residues and whey (Surajit et al. 2013). They are characterized by high organic load (e.g., whey proteins, non-protein nitrogen compounds and lactose), considerable variations in pH (4.2–9.4) as well as increased content of suspended solids (0.4–2 g/L) (Kosseva et al. 2003). Among these by-products, whey is generated as a by-product during the preparation of a number of dairy products, such as cheese, channa, caseins, paneer, shrikhand and so on (Surajit et al. 2013). The world whey production is about 120 million tons and some of this amount may remain unutilized (Mukhopadhyay et al. 2005). Although the exact amount of buttermilk production in the world is not known, it is estimated that about 3.2 million tons of buttermilk are produced annually in India alone (Surajit et al. 2013).
Biological Conversion of Food Waste to Value Addition in Microbial Fuel Cell
Published in Lakhveer Singh, Durga Madhab Mahapatra, Waste to Sustainable Energy, 2019
C. Nagendranatha Reddy, Booki Min
The food and the allied processing industries produce huge magnitudes of wastes worldwide. Some of the industries are olive mills, dairy, meat processing, food and other cereals production and processing, wine and breweries, cassava mills, rice mills, chocolate mills, palm oil mills, etc. The olive mills generate olive cake and olive mill wastewater as the final waste in large quantities. The composition includes huge quantities of polyphenolic compounds, polyalcohols, long chain fatty acids, suspended solids, pectin, volatile acids, colloids, tannins, lipids, and other nitrogen containing compounds (Zagklis et al. 2015). They are characterized by black colored juice with low pH and high sugar content. The cheese production in dairy industries generate cheese-whey as a by-product, which is high in carbohydrates (Mollea et al. 2013, Kosseva et al. 2009). The constituents include high lactose content, soluble proteins, lipids, and mineral salts of 4.5–5, 0.6–0.8, 0.4–0.5, and 8–10% (w/v), respectively with added lactic and citric acids, B-group vitamins, and non-protein nitrogen compounds (urea and uric acid). Lactose, the main constituent of whey wastewater, is responsible for high COD (60–80 g/L) and BOD (30–50 g/L) (Guimaraes et al. 2010). The wastewater from brewing, distillation, and wine manufacturing processes of fermentation industries contains high BOD and COD with varying phenols, tannins, and other organic acids concentrations. The liquid waste from the distillery process contains high concentrations of COD (>100 g O2/L), BOD (61–70 g/L), salinity (EC 250–300 dS/m), sulfates, metal, and potassium ions (Satyawali and Balakrishnan 2008). Table 12.1 highlights the characteristics of various food-based wastewaters.
Spray-drying optimization for Dunaliella salina and Porphyridium cruentum biomass
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Nevzat Konar, Yasar Durmaz, Basak Gurbuz, Derya Genc Polat, Behic Mert
The amount of crude protein determined in this study was consistent with previous studies. The crude protein amounts for P. cruentum and D. salina, which did not contain any carriers or encapsulation agents, were determined as 13.0–28.2 g/100 g[3,10] and 19.1–38.3 g/100 g,[15] respectively. In addition, the relationship between other components such as pigments and the amount of protein is remarkable. For example, Colusse et al.[15] found a decrease in lutein and zeaxanthin levels but an increase in chlorophyll-a for D. salina grown in conditions with higher protein content. However, the different methods used in the analysis of the protein amount of microalgae biomass cause different results in various studies. In some studies, non-protein nitrogen is also calculated.[10] Nitrogen is also present in the structure of components such as DNA and chlorophyll, which are among the algal components. Inorganic nitrogens can also be encountered. Therefore, protein analysis results obtained in different studies may vary for the same algae.[22]
Structural alteration of cocoa bean shell fibers through biological treatment using Penicillium roqueforti
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Ozana Almeida Lessa, Fabiane Neves Silva, Iasnaia Maria de Carvalho Tavares, Igor Carvalho Fontes Sampaio, Adriana Bispo Pimentel, Selma Gomes Ferreira Leite, Melissa Limoeiro Estrada Gutarra, Lucas Galhardo Pimenta Tienne, Muhammad Irfan, Muhammad Bilal, Paulo Neilson Marques dos Anjos, Luiz Carlos Salay, Marcelo Franco
Physicochemical analyzes were carried out according to the methodology of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists – AOAC (2006) to determine the values of Dry Matter (DM), Mineral Matter (MM), Crude Protein (PB), Crude Fiber (FB), Fiber in Neutral Detergent (FDN), Fiber in Acid Detergent (FAD), Ethereal Extract (EE), Lignin, Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Non-Protein Nitrogen (NNP), Neutral Detergent in Non-soluble Nitrogen (NIDN), Acid Detergent in Nitrogen Non-Soluble (NIDA), Non-Fibrous Carbohydrate and Total Carbohydrate, Neutral Insoluble Ash and Acid Insoluble Ash. The values obtained were expressed in % of dry matter. In order to determine the macro and micro minerals present in the cocoa bean shell, the isolated mineral extract was obtained by wet digestion with nitric acid and perchloric acid[37] For the quantification of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn), a flame atomic absorption spectrometer (Thermo© Ice 3000, series AA, Cambridge, UK) was used. Potassium (K) was determined using a flame photometer (Model FP910 – PG Instruments). Phosphorus (P) was determined by the molybdate method and the reading was made in a spectrophotometer at 725 nm.[38] The results were expressed in mg.kg−1 and g.kg−1 of cocoa bean shell.
Composition, valorization and therapeutical potential of molasses: a critical review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
Lemnaro Jamir, Vikas Kumar, Jasleen Kaur, Satish Kumar, Harminder Singh
Over the decades molasses from sugarcane has been used as a substitute sweetener to sugar and considered as an ingredient in many food products [6,9]. Molasses known to improve microbial growth in the ruminal animals promotes the digestion of and non-protein nitrogen and fibre are used worldwide as feed for livestock [6]. According to Wang et al., [10] rich mineral content molasses has been widely advertised for its therapeutic properties.