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Batteries and alternative sources of energy
Published in John Bird, Science and Mathematics for Engineering, 2019
Chemistry, performance, cost and safety characteristics vary across LIB types. Handheld electronics mostly use LIBs based on lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), which offers high energy density, but presents safety risks, especially when damaged. Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), lithium manganese oxide (LMnO or LMO) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC) offer lower energy density, but longer lives and inherent safety. Such batteries are widely used for electric tools, medical equipment and other roles. NMC in particular is a leading contender for automotive applications. Lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (LiNiCoAlO2 or NCA) and lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12 or LTO) are specialty designs aimed at particular niche roles. The new lithium sulphur batteries promise the highest performance to weight ratio.
The Electric Fuel Tank
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
The search for higher performing batteries that can offer a targeted balance of specific energy and durability has defined varying cocktails of added metals, in particular lightweight ‘transition’ metals, which offer better specific energy. The addition of cobalt and nickel, for example, defines a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC). NMC forms a so-called layered-layered structure, with composite layers that enable some of both worlds, high current for acceleration, and energy density for longer range.9 They are more expensive than LMO because they require nickel and cobalt, which is pricy; and they are a little more challenging to manage for safety, as high rate batteries often are. Jaguar opted for 432 NMC cells in a liquid-cooled pack to power its I-Pace. Rimac uses a 90 kWh NMC system in its Concept One vehicle, allowing it to deliver a full megaWatt of energy in acceleration, and absorb 400 kW of braking energy.10 Adding aluminum to create a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, can offer improved specific energy and longer cycle life. The Tesla 100 D is powered by a 350-volt 100 kWh NCA pack, for example.
Advanced Nanocomposites as Cathode Material for Li-ion Batteries
Published in Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa, Applications of Nanocomposites, 2022
A.S. Kornyushchenko, Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa
One of the most popular substitution chemistry nowadays is replacing some nickel with cobalt and some with manganese. In this case, one ends up with the composition LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2, this material is called NMC or NCM. In this case, nickel is responsible for the heightened electrode voltage and manganese together with cobalt makes the electrode more thermally and structurally stable. Many automotive industries are currently using NMC cathode material in their battery packs. The NMC electrode has a capacity value of 200 mAh/g at the same cell voltage as NCA, and the cycle-ability of such electrode is more than 3000 charge-discharge cycles (Lyu et al. 2020b; Stephan 2020; Wood et al. 2020). Therefore, partial substitution of manganese instead of aluminum is very promising in terms of high capacity values. NMC and NCA are currently superior among the cathode materials on the market. In traditional NMC chemistry, there is an equal amount of nickel, manganese and cobalt. Recently many research groups have been working on the optimization of NMC cathode composition by varying the nickel, manganese and cobalt content in the compound. Among the different NMC compositions, Ni-rich chemistry offers an increase in the energy density of the cathode, Mn-rich compositions provide a better cycle life and thermal stability, Co-reach compound is favorable for improving the rate performance. On the other hand, nickel-rich NMC composition suffers from a structural degradation that causes a decrease of the cycle life, manganese-rich chemistry deteriorating from a reduced capacity, the cobalt-reach composition has high price and environmental issues.
Data-driven state of health monitoring for maritime battery systems – a case study on sensor data from ships in operation
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023
Qin Liang, Erik Vanem, Yongjian Xue, Øystein Alnes, Heke Zhang, James Lam, Katrine Bruvik
There are many different types of batteries used for energy storage and new types of batteries are constantly being introduced to the market. Among them, lithium-ion batteries are one of the most popular battery technologies. There are different chemistries used in lithium cells, e.g. NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide), NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide), and LFP (lithium iron phosphate). They may have different characteristics in performance, capacity, and ageing. In this paper, all batteries mentioned are NMC cells which were also installed onboard ships in the case study.
The potential of lithium in Quebec for the electric vehicle market: state of the art, opportunities and challenges
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2022
Sebastián Ibarra-Gutiérrez, Jocelyn Bouchard, Marcel Laflamme, Konstantinos Fytas
Most electric cars currently use NMC cells and few manufacturers, including Tesla, use NCA [29]. LFP find some applications in electric buses [30]. A report from the Bank of Montreal Capital Markets estimates that the market share of NMC would increase from 50% in 2015 to nearly 70% in 2025, in particular due to their energy density, which allows greater autonomy [31]. Additionally, improvements in the chemistry of NMC batteries should allow decreasing the use of cobalt, whose exploitation has sometimes been associated with illegal activities and the violation of human rights [32].