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The Electric Fuel Tank
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
The search for higher performing batteries that can offer a targeted balance of specific energy and durability has defined varying cocktails of added metals, in particular lightweight ‘transition’ metals, which offer better specific energy. The addition of cobalt and nickel, for example, defines a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC). NMC forms a so-called layered-layered structure, with composite layers that enable some of both worlds, high current for acceleration, and energy density for longer range.9 They are more expensive than LMO because they require nickel and cobalt, which is pricy; and they are a little more challenging to manage for safety, as high rate batteries often are. Jaguar opted for 432 NMC cells in a liquid-cooled pack to power its I-Pace. Rimac uses a 90 kWh NMC system in its Concept One vehicle, allowing it to deliver a full megaWatt of energy in acceleration, and absorb 400 kW of braking energy.10 Adding aluminum to create a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, can offer improved specific energy and longer cycle life. The Tesla 100 D is powered by a 350-volt 100 kWh NCA pack, for example.
Heat Generation and Thermal Transport in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Scale-Bridging Perspective
Published in Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2019
Rajath Kantharaj, Amy M. Marconnet
Rechargeable batteries power smartphones, tablets, laptops, portable chargers, medical devices, electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs), garden tools, and other consumer electronics. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) provide higher specific energy and power densities, higher nominal discharge voltage, and possess low self-discharge when compared with lead-acid, nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), and nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) chemistries [1–3]. Among the various lithium-ion chemistries (including lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), NMC and NCA have high specific capacity and deliver high voltage [4, 5]. The future of EVs lies in the manufacture of safe and reliable batteries which charge quickly, provide high energy density (i.e., enabling more mileage), and provide high power density (i.e., enabling higher average speed of the vehicle) [6, 7]. When discharged/charged at high rates, heat generated within the electrode causes a rapid increase in core temperature, exacerbated by the low thermal conductivity of the electrode and separator materials. High core temperatures may trigger unwanted side reactions, thus accelerating damage of the electrode microstructure and possibly causing internal short circuits that lead to thermal runaway and battery failure.
Bioleaching for Recovery of Metals from Spent Batteries – A Review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Farhad Moosakazemi, Sina Ghassa, Mohammad Jafari, Saeed Chehreh Chelgani
The cathode is made of an Al foil covering with electroactive materials that mainly consist of a lithiated metal oxide or phosphate (Yun et al. 2018). Common cathode materials are lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO2), lithium vanadium oxide (LiV2O3), and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO2) (Ellis, Lee, and Nazar 2010; Fergus 2010; Zeng, Li, and Singh 2014). LiCoO2 is the most common cathode due to its high discharge capacity and stability (Ghassa et al. 2021).
Data-driven state of health monitoring for maritime battery systems – a case study on sensor data from ships in operation
Published in Ships and Offshore Structures, 2023
Qin Liang, Erik Vanem, Yongjian Xue, Øystein Alnes, Heke Zhang, James Lam, Katrine Bruvik
There are many different types of batteries used for energy storage and new types of batteries are constantly being introduced to the market. Among them, lithium-ion batteries are one of the most popular battery technologies. There are different chemistries used in lithium cells, e.g. NMC (lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide), NCA (lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide), and LFP (lithium iron phosphate). They may have different characteristics in performance, capacity, and ageing. In this paper, all batteries mentioned are NMC cells which were also installed onboard ships in the case study.