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Cancer Caused by Diesel Fuel Exhaust Emissions
Published in Ozcan Konur, Petrodiesel Fuels, 2021
Kumagai et al. (2002) study the oxidation of proximal protein sulfhydryls by phenanthraquinone, a component of DEPs, using thiol compounds and protein preparation in a paper with 193 citations. They found that phenanthraquinone reacted readily with DT compounds such as ‘dithiothreitol’ (DTT), ‘2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol’ (BAL), and ‘2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid’ (DMPS), resulting in modification of the thiol groups, whereas minimal reactivities of this quinone with monothiol compounds such as GSH, 2-mercaptoethanol, and NAC were seen. The modification of DTT dithiol caused by phenanthraquinone proceeded under anaerobic conditions but was accelerated by molecular oxygen. Phenanthraquinone was also capable of modifying thiol groups in pulmonary microsomes from rats and total membrane preparation isolated from ‘bovine aortic endothelial cells’ (BAEC), but not ‘bovine serum albumin’ (BSA), which has a Cys34 as a reactive monothiol group. A comparison of the thiol alkylating agent ‘N-ethylmaleimide’ (NEM) with that of phenanthraquinone indicates that the two mechanisms of thiol modification are distinct. Thiyl radical intermediates and ROS were generated during the interaction of phenanthraquinone with DTT. They conclude that phenanthraquinone-mediated destruction of protein sulfhydryls involves the oxidation of presumably proximal thiols and the reduction of molecular oxygen.
Pharmaceutical Applications of Collagen
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
K. Sangeetha, A. V. Jisha Kumari, E. Radha, P. N. Sudha
Another interesting extraction procedure of collagen was done by two and half an hour extraction using 0.3 M acetic acid at 90°C. The collagen extracted was washed 2 times using trichloroacetic acid. Another work of collagen isolation was reported by Bentz et al., (1983) from a human from the placenta by the method of Furuto and Miller. Native soluble collagens were prepared by using salt and dilute acid extraction procedures. Addition of inhibitor like EDTA or DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate) or phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride or PMSF (1–5 raM), N-ethylmaleimide, NEM (2–5 mM) which inhibits proteinase enzyme. Extraction is done at 4°C using an appropriate solvent. Now a day’s extraction procedure is done under acidic condition has improved the isolation of collagen.
Bioremediation of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil using Bacteria
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
N-ethylmaleimide reductase (NemA), from E. coli, is a member of the “old yellow enzyme” (Class I) family of flavoproteins and catalyzes the reduction of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to N-ethylsuccinimide. NemA can accept a variety of substrates, including chromate, and catalyzes chromate reduction through the addition of one or two electrons from the cofactors NADH or NADPH (Roldan et al., 2008).
Room-temperature-storable chemiluminescence freeze-drying mixes for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Qihan Zhang, Liuyu Gong, Yewei Zhang, Ya Shen, Lin Shen, Liangli Cao, Guocheng Han, Fangrong Hu, Feijun Zhao, Zhencheng Chen
We purchased sodium chloride (NaCl, 99%), Sucrose (C12H22O11, 99%), Trehalose (C12H22O11, 99%), Bovine serum albumin (BSA, 98%), Equine serum albumin (HAS, 96%), Amgiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2, 95%), SARS-COV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD, 95%), N-methylmorpholine (C5H11NO, 99%), MAL-dPEG®24-TFP ester (C64H108F4N2O29, 90%), 2-iminothiolane (C4H7NS·HCl, 98%), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 98%), Glycol-2000 (H(OCH2CH2)nOH, 99%), ProClin™300 (pkg of 50 mL), BRONIDOX-L (C4H6BrNO4, 99%), N-ethylmaleimide (C6H7NO2, 99%), Glycine (C2H5NO2, 99%), 6-Aminocaproic acid (C6H13NO2, 99%), L-Lysine (C6H14N2O2, 99%), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, K30 and K360), Pullulan ((C37H62O30)n, GPC), Xylitol (C5H12O5, 99%), Sorbitol (C6H14O6, 99%), Mannitol (C6H14O6, 99%), Glycerol (C3H8O3, 99%), Glucan 200000 ((C6H10O5)n, 95%), Sodium benzoate (NaC6H5O6, 99%), Sodium azide (NaN3, 99.5%), Tween-20 (10% (wt/vol)) from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
Diazinon impairs bioenergetics and induces membrane permeability transition on mitochondria isolated from rat liver
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Camila Araújo Miranda, Anilda Rufino de Jesus Santos Guimarães, Paulo Francisco Veiga Bizerra, Fábio Erminio Mingatto
Ca2+ is believed to trigger conformational changes in mitochondrial membrane proteins that are associated with the oxidation of those protein thiol groups, attributed to an increase in concentration ROS, and/or exhaustion of the mitochondrial antioxidant defenses, glutathione (GSH) and NAD(P)H (Kowaltowski, Castilho, and Vercesi 2001; Lemasters et al. 2009). Exposure of mitochondria to DZN (50–150 µM) in the presence of Ca2+ resulted in mitochondrial swelling and release of accumulated Ca2+, demonstrating that DZN induces MPT. This effect was strictly dependent on Ca2+, since incubation of mitochondria with EGTA and RR before DZN, inhibited the swelling. In addition, DZN-swelling was prevented by reduction of protein thiol groups with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Evidence thus indicates that DZN elicits MPT, apparently via oxidation of thiol groups in mitochondrial membrane proteins, which is accompanied by NAD(P)H oxidation. Further, DZN promoted the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. These events have been frequently implicated in the induction of apoptosis (Kowaltowski, Castilho, and Vercesi 2001; Lopez and Tait 2015).