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Xenobiotic Metabolism
Published in Lorris G. Cockerham, Barbara S. Shane, Basic Environmental Toxicology, 2019
Larry G. Hansen, Barbara S. Shane
Bacteria constitute a large biomass which actively degrade xenobiotics in the environment. Selection of a dominant species that metabolizes a specific xenobiotic frequently involves parameters such as pH, oxygen, energy sources, and light, but resistance to antimicrobials is also a significant determinant. Among gram negative bacteria, multiple drug resistance involves plasmid transmissible genes, resulting in direct increases in biotransformation potential in lactamases (penicillin) and acetyl transferases (aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol) (Sande and Mandell, 1980). Bacteria resistant to Hg in the environment also have an enhanced ability to bioalkylate inorganic Hg, rendering it volatile so it escapes from the medium.
Microbial biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Transposons are transposable genetic elements that carry one or more other genes in addition to those which are essential for transposition. The structure of a transposon is similar to that of an insertion sequence. The extra genes are located between the terminal repeated sequences. Many antibiotic resistance genes are located on transposons. Since transposons can jump from one DNA molecule to another, these antibiotic-resistant transposons are a major factor in the development of plasmids, which can confer multiple drug resistance on a bacterium harboring such a plasmid. These multiple drug resistance plasmids have become a major medical problem.
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Transposons are transposable genetic elements that carry one or more other genes in addition to those that are essential for transposition. The structure of a transposon is like that of an insertion sequence; the extra genes are located between the terminal repeated sequences. Many antibiotic resistance genes are located on transposons. Because transposons can jump from one DNA molecule to another, these antibiotic-resistant transposons are a major factor in the development of plasmids, which can confer multiple drug resistance on a bacterium harboring such a plasmid. These multiple drug resistance plasmids have become a major medical problem.
Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant peptide Melittin-Thanatin with three glycine to tryptophan mutations
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Yong Liu, Xiuping Zhang, Chunyan Meng, Shengyue Ji, Kangkang Guo
Antimicrobial resistance is currently one of the biggest threats to global public health security. There are many reasons for the emergence of microbial resistance to existing antimicrobial drugs, and the overuse or even abuse of antimicrobial drugs is the main reason. In 2017, World Health Organization (WHO)[1] published a list of global priority pathogens (GPP), with six bacteria closely related to nosocomial infections. They include Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae Klebsiellapneumonia, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species, which successfully “escape” (ESKAPE) the therapeutic activity of existing antimicrobials, showing multiple drug resistance (MDR). It was urgently required that novel antibacterial substances were developed for inhibiting “superbugs” with MDR.
Detection of multidrug resistant environmental isolates of acinetobacter and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a possible threat for community acquired infections?
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Reshme Govender, Isaac D Amoah, Sheena Kumari, Faizal Bux, Thor A Stenström
S. maltophilia and Acinetobacter isolates displayed multiple drug resistance (Figure 1) where 100% of S. maltophilia isolates (irrespective of the sample matrix) and 78.9% of Acinetobacter isolates had multiple antibiotic resistance indices which were greater than 0.2. The MAR indices recorded in this study therefore shows that these isolates were from areas with high levels of antibiotic contamination. [62] Comparatively, the MAR indices from the S. maltophilia isolates shows the selection pressure for these in relation to antibiotic concentrations was higher than that for the Acinetobacter. This is not only based on the percentage of these isolates with MAR above 0.2, but also due to the fact that only S. maltophilia isolates from the water samples had MAR indices from 0.6 to 0.8 (Figure 1, Chart A). The MAR indices for the Acinetobacter spp. isolated in this study are similar to the study by Stenström et al.,[65] were MAR indices between 0.22 − 0.67 were reported in isolates from surface water in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa
Risk assessment studies of the impact of occupational exposure of pharmaceutical workers on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Teichman et al. (1988) study suggested that the pharmaceutical workers involved with the production of antibiotics are frequently exposed to the drug materials in the course of their manufacturing if exposure is not adequately controlled. Prolonged exposure of workers to antimicrobial agents, especially dusts of those chemicals, might results in the development of bacterial resistance against the exposed antibiotics. There is no routine program to test for antimicrobial resistance of pharmaceutical workers in India. Therefore, the actual status of antimicrobial drug resistance (ADR) in pharmaceutical workers involved in the production of antimicrobials is totally unknown in India. To date, no scientific report has been published on either the effect of occupational exposure of pharmaceutical workers to antibiotics or any other occupational adverse effects of pharmaceutical exposure on health in India. The main problem of multiple drug resistance (MDR) is that it limits the choice of antibiotics available for the treatment of associated infections proposed by Haddadin et al. (2013) and reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment. This leads to an increase in the morbidity, mortality and treatment cost of diseases according to Coast et al. (1996) and Smith and Coast (2002). In this sense, pharmaceutical workers may have a greater risk of treatment of infectious diseases caused by the microbes, which may have already become resistant in them. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the status of bacterial resistance in pharmaceutical workers engaged in the production of antimicrobial drugs in India.