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Terpenoids in Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disease
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Terpenoids can be classified as hemiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids and polyterpenoids having one, two, three, four, five, six, eight and multiple isoprene units respectively. The ginkgolides are classical example of diterpenoids, whereas sterols and carotenoids belong to the triterpenoid and tetraterpenoid families, respectively. Although many organisms manufacture terpenoids through the HMG-CoA reductase pathway, which also produces cholesterol, a 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate/1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate (MEP/DOXP) pathway, also known as the non-mevalonate pathway or mevalonic acid–independent pathway, takes place in the plastids of plants and apicomplexan protozoa as well as in many bacteria.
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Biological formation of terpenes occurs when two molecules of acetic acid give rise to mevalonic acid (C6H12O2), which converts to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which contains the five-carbon isoprene skeleton.
High yield production of lipid and carotenoids in a newly isolated Rhodotorula mucilaginosa by adapting process optimization approach
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Ravi Gedela, Ashish Prabhu, Venkata Dasu Veeranki, Pakshirajan Kannan
In oleaginous yeast, the hydrophilic substrate is consumed via the de novo pathway, and the lipid accumulation proceeds with the depletion of nitrogen compound, which in turns activate AMP deaminase. This activity leads toa series of cascade reactions, which disturbs the TCA cycle in mitochondria and splits the ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Further, the acetyl CoA is carboxylated in to malonyl CoA which is the first step of lipid synthesis, and then followed a by series of enzymatic reactions catalyzed by a complex of fatty acid synthases, which ultimately leads to the synthesis of triacyl glycerol. Further in yeast such as Rhodoturula sp that is capable of synthesizing carotenoids, which initiates by the conversion of acetyl CoA to 3 hydroxyl-3 methylglutaryl-CoA catalyzed by 3 hydroxyl-3 methylglutaryl-CoA synthase. Consequently, the HMG- CoA is reduced to mevalonic acid by HMG-CoA reductase and the cascade of reaction takes place for the production of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), which is further subjected to an isomerization reaction to form dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), and the addition of 3 molecules of IPP to DMAPP results in geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). The GGPP undergoes a condensation reaction catalyzed by phytoene synthase to form phytoene and finally converted to β-carotene [18]. The biochemical pathway for the formation of lipids and carotenoids in Rhodotorula sp is depicted in Figure S1 (Supplementary Material).