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Biomass Chemistry
Published in Jay J. Cheng, Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, 2017
Disaccharides consist of two simple sugars linked via a glycosidic bond. Examples of common disaccharides include maltose (made up of two glucose units), sucrose (made up of one glucose and one fructose unit), lactose (made up of one glucose and one galactose unit), and cellobiose (made up of two glucose units). The reaction involves the formation of a linkage between the anomeric carbon (C1 carbon, adjacent to the oxygen of the sugar ring) of a monosaccharide and the oxygen atom from the OH group of another monosaccharide. The resulting linkage is called a glycosidic bond. The reaction is accompanied by the loss of one water molecule for every glycosidic bond, and is therefore called a dehydration or condensation reaction.
Reinforcements and Matrices for Polymer Matrix Composites
Published in Manoj Kumar Buragohain, Composite Structures, 2017
Polyester oligomers are produced by condensation reaction of difunctional acids and difunctional alcohols. Commonly used acids are phthalic acid and maleic acid, whereas glycols such as propylene glycols are used as alcohols. The oligomer, whose structure can vary widely, determines the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of the resin system. In unsaturated polyester resins (commonly known as polyester resin), the acids used for making the oligomer are partly saturated and partly unsaturated. The saturated acid is the major part in the composition, and based on the type of the saturated acid used in the oligomer, different classes of polyester resins are made. Common classes of polyester resins are orthophthalic, isophthalic, terephthalic, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), chlorendic, and bisphenol-A fumarate.
Generic Types of Anticorrosion Coatings
Published in Ole Øystein Knudsen, Amy Forsgren, Corrosion Control Through Organic Coatings, 2017
Ole Øystein Knudsen, Amy Forsgren
Alkyds are a form of polyester. The main acid ingredient in an alkyd is phthalic acid or its anhydride, and the main alcohol is usually glycerol [18]. Through a condensation reaction, the organic acid and the alcohol form an ester. When the reactants contain multiple alcohol and acid groups, a crosslinked polymer results from the condensation reactions [18].
A study on the reaction mechanism of microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge by products analysis and ReaxFF MD simulation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yanjun Wen, Wenxuan Li, Yingshen Xie, Zhiwen Qin, Meixia Gu, Tianli Wang, Yingfei Hou
Overall, the reaction mechanism of microwave pyrolysis of oily sludge was investigated by combining products analysis and ReaxFF MD simulation. The analysis of pyrolysis products of OS showed that the hydrocarbon products were mainly distributed between 350 and 500℃. In this stage, the reaction types were chain-breaking reaction, dehydrogenation reaction, aromatization reaction, alkylation reaction, and condensation reaction. Furthermore, the pyrolysis of n-dodecane was simulated by ReaxFF MD to identify the free radical intermediates that cannot be detected by GC×GC-MS during pyrolysis. The main products of n-dodecane pyrolysis observed in simulation model were H2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H2, which was consistent with pyrolysis experiments.
Catalytic valorization of raw glycerol derived from biodiesel: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2018
Sravanthi Veluturla, Narula Archna, D. Subba Rao, N. Hezil, I.S. Indraja, S. Spoorthi
Condensation of glycerol has also proven to be a useful alternative for using the glycerol. A combination of two molecules or functional groups to form a larger molecule with elimination of smaller molecules like water, HCl, methanol or acetic acid is basically the definition of a condensation reaction. Commercially important classes of fine chemicals can be manufactured by condensation of glycerol.