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Recent Developments in Nanoparticulate-Mediated Drug Delivery in Therapeutic Approaches
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Janmejaya Bag, Swetapadma Sahu, Monalisa Mishra
Gold NPs are extensively used, because of their unique structure, dimension, a surface modification which allows releasing the drug in a controlled manner (Han et al., 2007) (Figure 18.4). The gold NP has distinctive physico-chemical properties for unloading and transporting the drugs. Being a novel metal, it is inert and less toxic as reported from former studies (Connor et al., 2005). Besides that, it can be synthesized easily at the desired size (1–150 nm) (Ghosh et al., 2008). All these characters and properties make gold NP a biocompatible drug delivery system. Gold NPs are used for cancer treatment and immunodiagnostic purposes. Moreover, the colloidal gold NP has been implicated in a drug delivery system by liposomal and biodegradable polymers carrier (Muller et al., 2000). Colloidal gold NPs are applied to TNF for tumor-targeted drug delivery (Paciotti et al., 2004). Methotrexate is also an anticancer drug, which is loaded with 13 nm gold NPs and successfully administrated to treat cancer (Chen et al., 2007). Drug delivery success to the target site enhances the opportunity to treat various tumors.
Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Stuart Weisman, Arthur Kavanaugh
Because of its efficacy and tolerability, methotrexate has become the most widely prescribed therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Effective doses range between 7.5 and 25 mg weekly given orally or by subcutaneous or intramuscular injections. If higher oral doses are ineffective or not tolerated, subcutaneous or intramuscular administration can be used to increase bioavailability. Adjustments to dosage need to be made in patients with decreased renal function.23 Methotrexate is contraindicated in the setting of severe renal insufficiency. The side effect and toxicity profile of methotrexate is well known. Rarely, methotrexate can cause pneumonitis, severe cytopenias, and hepatic dysfunction. Careful monitoring of blood counts, creatinine, hepatic aminotransferases, albumin, and pulmonary symptoms can minimize these potential toxic effects. Methotrexate is also teratogenic; therefore, it is contraindicated during pregnancy. An increased incidence of infections has also been noted with the use of methotrexate.24,25 The addition of folic acid (usually 1 mg/day) or folinic acid reduces minor side effects such as alopecia, stomatitis, gastrointestinal intolerance, and hemapoetic toxic effects without significantly lowering efficacy.26,27
Pleural disease induced by drugs
Published in Philippe Camus, Edward C Rosenow, Drug-induced and Iatrogenic Respiratory Disease, 2010
Methotrexate, an antimetabolite that acts as an immune modulator and steroid-sparing agent, is used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, malignancy and psoriasis. The most significant adverse effects include bone marrow suppression, mucositis, hepatitis, gastrointestinal distress and pulmonary fibrosis. With high-dose methotrexate, approximately 3–4 per cent of patients develop pleuropulmonary disease. Of 317 patients who received methotrexate, 14 (4 per cent) developed pleuritic chest pain within 4 weeks of therapy.36 Chest pain was described as severe and acute in onset and recurred with re-challenge of the drug. Four of the 14 patients (29 per cent) developed pleural effusions.
Facile synthesis and characterization of Au nanoparticles-loaded kaolin mediated by Thymbra spicata extract and its application on bone regeneration in a rat calvaria defect model and screening system
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2022
Dayong Peng, Bing Han, Yu Kong, Meng Chen, Haoxuan Zhang
Another advantage of gold nanoparticles is their ability to detect microorganisms, cancerous tissues, etc., both in vivo and in vitro. Gold nanoparticles coated with anti-cancer antibodies can effectively bind to cancer cells [33–36]. Many cancer cells have a protein on their surface called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EFGR). This protein is not found mainly in healthy cells of the body. By attaching gold nanoparticles to the EFGR antibody (known as anti-EFGR), researchers have attached these nanoparticles to cancer cells. Gold nanoparticles are an excellent carrier for immunotherapy because, like other nanoparticles, they can easily accumulate inside immune cells [29–33]. Gold nanoparticles can transport several drug molecules, recombinant proteins, vaccines or nucleotides into the target cell. It can also control the release or release of drugs. Conjugation of gold nanoparticles with drug molecules plays an important role in intracellular diseases [34–37]. Anti-biotics and other drugs can bind directly to gold nanoparticles with the help of ion or covalent bonds. The surface of gold nanoparticles can be easily changed to bind drug molecules. Changing the level of gold nanoparticles with polymers plays an important role in its conjugation with the drug. With this strategy, many therapeutic drugs can be successfully transferred, such as doxorubicin and tamoxifen [33–36]. An important challenge in cancer is the delivery of water-soluble drugs, which used hydrophobic polymers to coat the nanoparticles; the drug is encapsulated by a hydrophobic coating. Methotrexate is used as an anti-cancer drug. It is a folic acid analogue that can inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells [29,30]. The carboxylic group on the drug can bind to the surface of gold nanoparticles and exert its effect on cancer cells. Polyethylene glycol increases the adsorption of gold nanoparticles. The hydrophilic properties of PEG prevent the opsonization and purification of nanoparticles in the body. It can also be used as conjugation of gold nanoparticles and drug molecules [34–37].