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Oilfield Water Management
Published in Ashok K. Pathak, Petroleum Reservoir Management, 2021
CationsSodium (Na+), Calcium (Ca2+), and Magnesium (Mg2+): Sodium, Calcium, and Magnesium are common constituents of produced waters.Sodium does not have any significant side effects unless it precipitates as Sodium Chloride (NaCl) from oilfield brines with very high salinity.Calcium combines with Bicarbonate, Carbonate, or Sulfate ions to form adherent scales or suspended solids.Magnesium can form a soluble scale known as Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO4). This scale is usually seen with the Calcium Carbonate scale.Ferrous (Fe2+), Ferric (Fe3+), and Manganese (Mn2+): The presence of Ferrous, Ferric, or Manganese ions in water is indicative of its corrosion potential. Waters residing in formations with Iron or Manganese content for long periods can also produce corrosive compounds. Such waters, if used for reinjection, cause reservoir damage by plugging the formation.Barium (Ba2+) and Strontium (Sr2+): Barium and Strontium can combine with Sulfate to produce Barium Sulfate or Strontium Sulfate; both of these are insoluble and tough scales to remove.
Hydrochloric acid regeneration in hydrometallurgical processes: a review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2018
Caitlyn McKinley, Ahmad Ghahreman
As an extension of gypsum precipitation from calcium chloride solutions previously discussed, the reaction of a larger variety of metal chloride solutions (including calcium, magnesium and iron) with sulphuric acid in order to crystallise the calcium, magnesium or ferrous sulphate salts was investigated (Steyl & Smit 2006). Magnesium sulphate and ferrous sulphate were examined due to their applicability in laterite processing and pickle liquor treatment, respectively. Figure 9 shows magnesium sulphate solubility as a function of temperature and solubility can be seen to peak at approximately 100°C. Operating below 100°C produces a highly hydrated salt which increases costs associated with calcination further downstream; however, operating above the boiling point of water necessitates the use of an autoclave or significant reduction in the activity of water by operating at very high magnesium chloride concentrations.