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Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glands
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
Poor coating or faecal residue in the bowel can mask or mimic pathology. Accepting a patient for a DCBE or defaecating proctography must take into account the patient’s ability to tolerate a bowel clearance regime that includes a combination of diet and strong purgation with (for example) magnesium citrate or sodium picosulphate. Any co-morbidities including angina, severe renal impairment or very poor mobility will also affect patient compliance, and other imaging options should be considered.
Production of Organic Acids
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
The broth is filtered until clear. Calcium citrate is precipitated by the addition of magnesium-free Ca(OH)2. Since magnesium is more soluble than calcium, some acid may be lost in the solution as magnesium citrate if magnesium is added. Calcium citrate is filtered and the filter cake is treated with sulfuric acid to precipitate the calcium. The dilute solution containing citric acid is purified by treatment with activated carbon and passing through ion exchange beds. The purified dilute acid is evaporated to yield crystals of citric acid. Further purification may be required to meet pharmaceutical stipulations.
Biological Terrorist Agents
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Large numbers of victims seeking medical attention for lung injury should be an indication to medical personnel that a pulmonary irritant such as ricin might have been used as a terrorist agent. Keep in mind that other chemical and biological agents can also cause similar symptoms, which include SEB, Q fever, tularemia, plague, and some of the chemical agents. Treatment for victims of ricin poisoning remains supportive. For gastrointestinal exposure, the stomach should be irrigated along with oral administration of superactivated charcoal, followed by use of cathartics (purging or evacuation of the bowels) such as magnesium citrate. Fluids should be administered to replace GI fluids lost. A vaccine for ricin is under development but not currently available. RTA 1-33/44-198 has been tested on monkeys and is scheduled to go for clinical trials next. A vaccine would provide the best protection against ricin poisoning.
Plant mediated green synthesis and nanoencapsulation of MgO nanoparticle from Calotropis gigantea: Characterisation and kinetic release studies
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2018
Yiik Siang Hii, Jaison Jeevanandam, Yen San Chan
Oral magnesium supplementations can be taken to improve insulin sensitivity.[3] Magnesium intake is proven to reduce risk for type 2 diabetes development[4] as magnesium is an important intracellular cation that controls insulin and glucose homeostasis. It is also a critical cofactor over 300 enzymatic reactions, especially enzymes involving in phosphorylation reactions. Lacking of magnesium ions reduce tyrosine-kinase activity of the insulin receptor as well as protein-kinases and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).[5] Two common oral magnesium supplements in clinical practice are bulk magnesium oxide (MgO) (an inorganic salt) and bulk magnesium citrate (an organic salt).[6] Some common side effects of magnesium citrate include stomach and intestinal issues such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting which lead to imbalance level of electrolytes in blood. Besides, it also causes high level of magnesium ions in bloodstream which may cause muscle weakness, hypotension and respiratory failure.[7] Likewise, MgO intakes often resulted in diarrhea. Magnesium oxide has found to have the lowest degree of bioavailability and it is approximately three-fold less than magnesium citrate.[8] Low availability of MgO often lead to poor cellular uptake and thus, limits the absorption of MgO after oral administration.[9]