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Early Detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Influence on Lung Cancer Epidemiology
Published in Ayman El-Baz, Jasjit S. Suri, Lung Imaging and CADx, 2019
Amany F. Elbehairy, Ahmed Sadaka
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes implicated in the tissue remodeling and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and thus have an important role in the development of emphysema in COPD patients. MMPs also lead to growth factor activation, in turn stimulating endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis [54], which are central processes in lung cancer development. Recent studies reveal that the expression of MMPs is extremely high in lung tumors compared with nonmalignant lung tissue. Theoretically, loosening the ECM makes it easier for malignant cells to spread locally and metastasize systemically [55]. Thus, MMPs, especially MMP-2, -9, and -7, may play crucial roles in invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors [56]. Furthermore, MMP inhibitors have recently been developed to prevent and treat invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of malignant tumors, including lung cancer.
Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (MMP 2) and Tissue Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP 2) and bone destruction in atticoantral type of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)
Published in Cut Adeya Adella, Stem Cell Oncology, 2018
H.A. Asroel, R.S.P. Wulandari, A. Aboet, F. Zaluchu, S. Eliandy
MMP 2 is a nucleus cell induced protein which is associated with several characteristics such as tumour development consisting of growth, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis (blood vessel growth), in accordance with Sun & Hemler (2001) who found MMP 2 extracellular interactions. It is described as a proteolytic enzyme with the ability to decrease connective tissue components (Morales, 2007). Furthermore, TIMP 2 was defined as a specific endogenous protein inhibitor that inhibits MMP, especially MMP 2 (Murphy, 2011).
Near-Infrared Imaging with Fluorescent Contrast Agents
Published in Mary-Ann Mycek, Brian W. Pogue, Handbook of Biomedical Fluorescence, 2003
Eva M. Sevick-Muraca, Anuradha Godavarty, Jessica P. Houston, Alan B. Thompson, Ranadhir Roy
A novel “reporting” optical contrast design was reported by Weissleder and colleagues [32,33] who employed fluorophore Cy5.5 loaded onto a polylysine backbone with methoxypolyethylene glycol polymer (Fig. 22). When conjugated to the polymer backbone in high concentration, the fluorochrome tends to quench itself. However, when the polymer backbone is cleaved by cathespin B or H, lysosomal proteases whose opportunity for activity may be enhanced in cancer cells, the fluorochromes become free and radiatively relax to produce fluorescence. In contrast to the small-peptide conjugated dyes, this system requires fluorochrome internalization. The pioneering work enabled detection of 10 μmol of agent or 250 pmol of fluorochrome administered per tumor-bearing animal and represented the first time an optical contrast agent based on an internalization construct had been demonstrated. Along the same lines, another agent that reported on the basis of protease activity was developed using the same design principles. Bremer et al. [44] coupled matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) peptide substrates onto a polylysine polymer backbone and further conjugated Cy5.5 onto the peptides (Fig. 23). The fluorochromes were sufficiently packed to be quenched upon activation. Upon action of the proteinase on the peptide, the Cy5.5 was freed and able to radiatively relax, reporting proteinase activity. MMPs are over-expressed in cancers and MMP-2 in particular has been identified as being responsible for the collagen IV degradation that is the major component of basement membranes. The MMP-2 activity is thought to be responsible for the pathogensis of cancer, including spread, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Using area illumination and detection, as little as 167 pmol per animal resulted in detected fluorescence to measure MMP activity in vivo for directing the therapeutic use of proteinase activity.
Anti-cancer effects of biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Artemisia scoparia in Huh-7 liver cancer cells
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Anahita Mohammadi Shivyari, Farzaneh Tafvizi, Hassan Noorbazargan
The prepared ZnO NPs showed anti-metastatic activity by reducing the Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression. Researchers have shown that MMP-2 (a member of the gelatinase family) contributes to other proteases in tumor angiogenesis and tumor invasion.[76]