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The Electric Fuel Tank
Published in Patrick Hossay, Automotive Innovation, 2019
The search for higher performing batteries that can offer a targeted balance of specific energy and durability has defined varying cocktails of added metals, in particular lightweight ‘transition’ metals, which offer better specific energy. The addition of cobalt and nickel, for example, defines a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide battery (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC). NMC forms a so-called layered-layered structure, with composite layers that enable some of both worlds, high current for acceleration, and energy density for longer range.9 They are more expensive than LMO because they require nickel and cobalt, which is pricy; and they are a little more challenging to manage for safety, as high rate batteries often are. Jaguar opted for 432 NMC cells in a liquid-cooled pack to power its I-Pace. Rimac uses a 90 kWh NMC system in its Concept One vehicle, allowing it to deliver a full megaWatt of energy in acceleration, and absorb 400 kW of braking energy.10 Adding aluminum to create a lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide battery, or NCA, can offer improved specific energy and longer cycle life. The Tesla 100 D is powered by a 350-volt 100 kWh NCA pack, for example.
Transition Metal-Oxide-Based Electrodes for Na/Li Ion Batteries
Published in Vijay B. Pawade, Paresh H. Salame, Bharat A. Bhanvase, Multifunctional Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Energy Harvesting and Storage Devices, 2020
During the past few years, researchers have explored LNO-based layered structured material with doping with manganese and Co simultaneously, a ternary transition metal oxide. This lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (often called NMC) has a layered structure and is nickel rich, having composition in the range LiNi1−x−y CoxMnyO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.3).21,30,31 This compound was first proposed by Liu et al.21 and prepared by heating Ni1−x−yCoxMny(OH)2 and LiNO3 in flowing oxygen for 10 hrs at 550°C followed by further heating at 750°C. Compared to LCO and LNO, due to presence of Mn4+, which contributes in stabilizing the structure, the NMC can be charged to higher cut-off potentials. Furthermore, the practical capacity (>160 mAh/g) of NMC is comparable (or even better) than LCO, but comes at far reduced costs than LCO. Thus, NMC is considered a promising candidate to increase the energy density of LIBs. However, NMC with its higher energy density has a lot to desire in terms of cycle life and thermal stability vis-à-vis safety.21,32 In this NMC composition, nickel excess could give rise to increase in energy density. Figure 2.4 shows the results over NMC samples published by Liu et al.21Figure 2.4 shows the cycle performance of LiNiO2 and when LNO is doped with Co viz. LiNi0.8Co0.2O2, LiNi0.5Co0.5O2, and when doped with Co and Mn, making it a ternary TMO of LiNi0.7Co0.2Mn0.1O2 and LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2. It is revealed from the data that cycling characteristics in the composition range with x = 0.2 and x = 0.5, are good; however, when x = 0.5, the initial capacity is just marginally lower. When LNO is formed in ternary TMO form with Mn and Co doping, LiNi0.7Co0.2Mn0.1O2 shows good capacity and has very low loss of capacity as that of initial discharge capacity after cycling. Initially, the capacity for higher Mn doped LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 is quite as high as 150 mAh/g; however, after cycling, it could lead to large capacity loss, which is not favorable from an application point of view. A comparative chart showing effect of various dopant used for enhancing the electrochemical performance of LNO is shown in Table 2.321,33,34.
Heat Generation and Thermal Transport in Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Scale-Bridging Perspective
Published in Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2019
Rajath Kantharaj, Amy M. Marconnet
Rechargeable batteries power smartphones, tablets, laptops, portable chargers, medical devices, electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs), garden tools, and other consumer electronics. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) provide higher specific energy and power densities, higher nominal discharge voltage, and possess low self-discharge when compared with lead-acid, nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd), and nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH) chemistries [1–3]. Among the various lithium-ion chemistries (including lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), NMC and NCA have high specific capacity and deliver high voltage [4, 5]. The future of EVs lies in the manufacture of safe and reliable batteries which charge quickly, provide high energy density (i.e., enabling more mileage), and provide high power density (i.e., enabling higher average speed of the vehicle) [6, 7]. When discharged/charged at high rates, heat generated within the electrode causes a rapid increase in core temperature, exacerbated by the low thermal conductivity of the electrode and separator materials. High core temperatures may trigger unwanted side reactions, thus accelerating damage of the electrode microstructure and possibly causing internal short circuits that lead to thermal runaway and battery failure.
Recovery of Cobalt from Secondary Resources: A Comprehensive Review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Michael Chandra, Dawei Yu, Qinghua Tian, Xueyi Guo
Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) are types of cobalt-based cathodes used in LIBs (Cobalt Institute 2020b). The utilization of cobalt in LIBs rises due to the wide application of LCO cathode as they are known to have high conductivity and high structure stability throughout charge cycles (Li and Lu 2020). The types of cathodes utilized in LIB are summarized in Table 2 (Battery University 2019; Macquaire Research 2016).