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Algal biodiesel production
Published in Ozcan Konur, Bioenergy and Biofuels, 2017
Sourav Kumar Bagchi, Reeza Patnaik, Nirupama Mallick
The major constituent of H. pluvialis biodiesel was methyl palmitate followed by linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acid methyl esters. Chinnasamy et al. (2010) also produced biodiesel by a two-step transesterification process (acid-catalyzed followed by base-catalyzed) from a consortium of 15 native microalgae. The biodiesel was predominated with palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid methyl esters. Moazami et al. (2012) reported a high percentage of methyl oleate for Nannochloropsis sp. biodiesel. Mallick et al. (2012) showed that the biodiesel consists of ∼82% saturated fatty acids, with palmitate and stearate as major components for C. vulgaris. Liu et al. (2013) found that the main FAME components were methyl palmitate and oleate in the case of Coelastrum sp. HA-1 with the acid-catalyzed transesterification. Another report depicted that the biodiesel produced from S. obliquus biomass was rich with palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acid methyl esters.
Development of Industrial Strain, Medium Characteristics and Biochemical Pathways
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Vegetable oils: When exposed to air, vegetable oils undergo the oxidation of non-saturated structure. Vegetable oils such as maize oil are used in the presence of a surface active agent as antifoams. Vegetable oils are defined as the oil produced by the de-oiling process of vegetable seeds. Depending upon the level of unsaturation they can be classified as i. Oleic: Incorporating groundnut and olive oils. ii. Linoleic: oils included in this are maize, sunflower and cotton seed having a higher degree of unsaturated fat with double bonds. iii. Linolenic acid: including compounds having unsaturated fats with triple bonds e.g. soya bean and linseed oil.
A scale-up evaluation of a semicontinuous culture of Scenedesmus sp. in a raceway under greenhouse conditions using a commercial fertilizer as culture medium
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Luis Fernández-Linares, Enrique Durán-Páramo, Claudia Guerrero-Barajas
Biodiesel qualities such as cetane number, iodine value, saponification value, cold filter plugging point and calorific value depend upon the fatty acid composition of the microalgal biomass [43]. Cetane number is one of the major indicators of biodiesel quality, and it should be greater than 51 according to most standards of biodiesel quality such as American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM D6751. Cetane number decreases with unsaturation of fatty acids in biodiesel feedstocks [44]. According to the results obtained for the composition of FAMEs in BBM and BayM, the cetane numbers determined were 47.51 and 52.08, respectively. This indicates that the quality of biodiesel obtained – in such a case – could be appropriate. Very short-chain fatty acids, very long-chain fatty acids and highly unsaturated fatty acids are undesirable in biodiesel feedstock. The common FAMEs found in biodiesel include palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The accumulation and composition of fatty acids in microalgal cultures are influenced by the culture conditions (temperature, irradiance, pH), and in particular by the source and concentration of nitrogen. The utilization of fertilizers for the production of biodiesel will affect the biodiesel quality, depending on the type of nitrogen source and its concentration. Usually, fertilizers contain ammonium and/or nitrate; therefore, their effect on the calorific value and cetane number of the biodiesel produced will not be very different from that obtained in the case of biofuels produced by using other fertilizers or conventional media.
Seed oils of Sisymbrium irio and Sisymbrium sophia as a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Sayed Mohammad Sahafi, Ayub Ahmadibeni, Ahmad Farhad Talebi, Sayed Amir Hossein Goli, Mortaza Aghbashlo, Meisam Tabatabaei
Flixweed has also been introduced as a potential oil crop owing to its high oil content (22-44%) and high productivity (2600–3000 kg/ ha) [11]. Peng et al. [12] compared some cruciferous oil plants with high linolenic acid content and reported that S. sophia had the highest oil content (44.17%), linolenic acid content (40.9%) and plant seed yield (1264.5 kg/hm2). However, the seed oil, due to the high linolenic acid content (at least 40%) and high amounts of fatty acids (FAs) undesirable for human consumption (such as erucic acid), is more suitable for industrial applications [13,14]. According to Hoekman et al. [15], oils rich in FAs such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids might be suitable feedstocks for biodiesel production. In recent years, notable efforts have been put into developing alternative energy crops to obviate needs for fuels, chemicals and feeds [14,16]. In line with that, the potentials of wild germplasm to offer new economic oil sources have also been improved dramatically during the last 15–20 years through plant breeding programs and biotechnology [16].
Influence of spray-drying conditions on microencapsulation of fish oil and chia oil
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
M. N. Lavanya, T. Kathiravan, J. A. Moses, C. Anandharamakrishnan
ω-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids with potential applications in nutraceuticals, pharmaceutical formulations, and therapeutic agents such as tablets, capsules, drink mix powder, candy bars, and confectionaries. Among ω-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 ω-3) are found mainly in seafoods and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 ω-3) is found in plant sources.[1] EPA and DHA can be synthesized from α-linolenic acid in human body. α-linolenic acid helps in lowering cholesterol levels and the risk to cardiovascular diseases; it has also anti-inflammatory activity, antidiabetic activity, and is known to prevent arthritis, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.[2] Major sources of alpha-linolenic acid are: flax seed, walnut, and chia seed. Chia seed oil contains ω-3 and ω-6 linolenic acid, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid.[2] α-Linolenic acid is preferred over fish oil. Fish oil has off/fishy flavor and is not acceptable as such for food fortification applications as it significantly alters the product flavor. Not all sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit similar compositions; for example, fish oil contains approximately 27–33% of ω-3 fatty acids, while the flaxseed oil contains about 53% and chia seed oil contains about 68% of α-linolenic acid.[3–7]