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Product: Alfa-Tox
Published in Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell, First Responder’s Guide to Agricultural Chemical Accidents, 2018
Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION Lindane is a soluble solid. Exposure to lindane may cause vomiting, restlessness, muscle spasms, convulsions, and respiratory failure. It may also cause severe breathing difficulties which may be delayed in onset. Exposure to lindane vapors may cause headache, vomiting, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Repeated exposure to lindane may cause severe blood disorders which may be fatal. Skin rash may also occur from exposure to the chemical.A physician should be contacted if anyone develops any signs or symptoms and suspects that they are caused by exposure to lindane.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Lindane: Lindane (Figures 7.8 and 7.9) is an insecticide used as a fumigant and for the control of body lice. It is commonly used for sheep dipping in the wool industry. Lindane accumulates in plants and animals. It is the gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC). Lindane is one of eight isomers of BHC, and it is the most toxic. Technically, BHC contains 12%–15% lindane, which at one time was found in the blood of most of the U.S. population. It is found in workers who manufacture lindane.83,119–121 Lindane has been found in the blood of eight infants who were treated with a total body application of 1% lindane lotion.122 The average half-life for one application is 21 hours, but it accumulates in fat and may last much longer in the chemically sensitive. The ratio of fat concentration to blood (serum) for BHC isomers is 220:1.121 Lindane is metabolized by oxidation and dehalogenation, to a series of chlorinated phenols similar to HCB. Overload is associated with neurological abnormalities, including EEG changes, muscular jerking, and emotional lability.123 Aplastic anemia occurred after chronic exposure from vaporizers.124,125 Lindane was probably responsible for a mass-poisoning episode when it was absorbed dermally, producing mental confusion, weakness, anemia, convulsions, and death in six individuals (Table 7.13).126
Lindane
Published in Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray, Handbook of Environmental FATE and EXPOSURE DATA, 2017
Philip H. Howard, Edward M. Michalenko, William F. Jarvis, Dipak K. Basu, Gloria W. Sage, William M. Meylan, Julie A. Beauman, D. Anthony Gray
Summary: Lindane is used as an insecticide on hardwood logs and lumber, seeds, vegetables and fruits, woody ornamentals, hardwood forests, livestock and pets, and existing structures. When released to water, lindane is not expected to volatilize significantly. Lindane released to acidic or neutral water is not expected to hydrolyze significantly, but in basic water, significant hydrolysis may occur. At a pH of 9.3, the hydrolysis half-life of lindane in water was measured to be about 4 days (95 hr). Transport to the sediment should be slow and result predominantly from diffusion rather than settling. Release of lindane to soil will most likely result in volatilization and slow leaching of lindane to ground water. Lindane in the atmosphere is likely to be subject to dry and wet deposition. The estimated half-life for the reaction of vapor phase lindane with atmospheric hydroxyl radicals is 2.3 days. Lindane may slowly biodegrade in aerobic media and will rapidly degrade under anaerobic conditions. Lindane has been reported to photodegrade in water in spite of the lack of a photoreactive center, but photolysis is not considered to be a major environmental fate process. Lindane will bioconcentrate slightly in fish. Monitoring data indicate that lindane is a contaminant in air, water, sediment, soil, fish and other aquatic organisms, wildlife, food, and humans. Human exposure results primarily from food.
Targeting gap junctional intercellular communication by hepatocarcinogenic compounds
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2020
Kaat Leroy, Alanah Pieters, Andrés Tabernilla, Axelle Cooreman, Raf Van Campenhout, Bruno Cogliati, Mathieu Vinken
Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) is a halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon pesticide with insecticidal properties, which is mainly used to protect wood, seed, fruit and vegetables crops. In addition, lindane is present in products as lotions or shampoos to treat head lice. During the 1970s, multiple studies reported the hepatocarcinogenic potential of lindane in murine models (IARC 2018). Lindane executes its carcinogenic effect through inhibition of GJIC (Klaunig, Ruch, and Weghorst 1990). However, the mechanism by which GJIC is regulated by lindane is not entirely clear. Sovadinova et al. (2015) suggested involvement of MEK1/2 using a rat liver epithelial cell line, indicating that GJIC is modulated through phosphorylation of connexin proteins, more specifically Cx43. However, MEK1/2 alone was not sufficient (Sovadinova et al. 2015). A second factor is activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway leading to serine368 phosphorylation. These kinases promote Cx43 endocytosis resulting in impaired GJIC (Mograbi et al. 2003). Further, the effect of lindane is time-dependent (Guan, Bonney, and Ruch 1995). Short-term exposure (min) results in inhibition of GJIC without changes in Cx43 expression. Mid-term exposure (hr) reduces GJIC associated with alterations in Cx43 phosphorylation and subsequent endocytosis. Long-term exposure (days) leads to loss of Cx43 expression (Guan, Bonney, and Ruch 1995).
Lindane degradation by root epiphytic bacterium Achromobacter sp. strain A3 from Acorus calamus and characterization of associated proteins
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2019
The γ-isomer of Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane) is among the egregious organochlorine pesticides. It is a saturated, cyclic, chlorinated compound, widely used worldwide to manage medical and agricultural pests (Sagar and Singh 2011). Lindane has been classified as possible carcinogen as well as endocrine disrupter, with confirmed mutagenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic effects (Kaur et al. 2013; Egorova et al. 2017). As a result, its use has been disallowed or sternly limited in about 52 countries, but it is still being used by some developing countries like India, China, and Canada on economic grounds. Owing to the chemical properties, it persists in the environment and migrates over long distances, thus causing widespread contamination (Fuentes et al. 2010; Polti et al. 2014). Therefore, development of technologies aiming to decontaminate lindane polluted water bodies is of utmost concern.
Removal of lindane in liquid culture using soil bacteria and toxicity assessment in human skin fibroblast and HCT116 cell lines
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Banishree Sahoo, Surabhi Chaudhuri
One major global problem nowadays is the accumulation of xenobiotic compounds in different environmental sections, causing environmental pollution. These xenobiotic compounds adversely affect ecological balance by altering the biogeochemical cycles of the ecosystem [1]. One class of xenobiotic compounds that threat the environment is the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). This class of pesticides has been extensively used worldwide for agriculture and in public health to control disease-causing pests and vectors. They have considerably improved modern agriculture and helped increase crop production to feed the growing population. One such organochlorine pesticide is lindane (also known as gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane or γ-HCH), a very effective and extensively used pesticide in the past. γ-HCH is manufactured along with its other isomers: ɑ, β, δ, and ϵ by photochemical chlorination of benzene in the UV light [2]. The technical grade-HCH is composed of all these isomers; however, only the γ-HCH has insecticidal properties. It is very cheap but effective against insects. According to the literature, around 6,00,000 tons of lindane were used between the 1940s and 1990s worldwide [2]. This unregulated production and use of lindane in the past have resulted in the formation of lindane-contaminated sites worldwide. It is highly toxic and persistent in nature owing to its stable chemical structure. Also, because of hydrophobicity, it can easily bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of plants and animals through the food chain [3]. Severe health hazards, including neurological disorders and even cancer, are associated with substantial exposure to lindane [4,5].