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Simple Categories of Inorganic Chemical Reactions
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
In many reactions, the reactants are not present in stoichiometric ratios. One of the reactants, called the limiting reagent, is present in short supply. This reactant determines the outcome of the reaction, that is, the maximum amount of any product of interest that can be generated. The other reactant or reactants are thus present in excess. In any reaction where two or more reactants are present and their respective amounts are given, the limiting reagent must be identified before the maximum amount of any product can be calculated.
Algorithms
Published in John Andraos, Synthesis Green Metrics, 2018
In the product sheet there are two options: you can enter either the mass of product or the percent yield. Note the percent yield is calculated with respect to the limiting reagent. For the product sheet, enter the mass collected since this is the experimental variable. In the coupled products sheet you can either enter the masses or percent yield or leave them blank. Normally the masses of coupled products are not determined from an experiment since the target product is the one that is isolated. The percent yield of a coupled product is the same as the percent yield of the target product provided the stoichiometric coefficients are the same for both products. If not, then the percent yield of coupled product is given by Equation (6.3). %yield=(molesproductmoleslimitingreagent)(SClimitingreagentSCproduct)100
Kinetics of the precipitation reaction between aluminium and contaminant orthophosphate ions
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Ivan Ricardo de Barros, Cristina Benincá, Everton Fernando Zanoelo
In the experiments, equal volumes of undersaturated aqueous solutions of KH2PO4 and Al(OH)3 at equilibrium were dumped into the batch reactor. They were 0.025 L solutions at the same pH. Two kinetic runs were carried out at the initial pH approximately 3.1 and 3.5 for 216000 and 201600 s, respectively. The initial conditions in terms of concentration of total orthophosphates and total aluminium are presented in Table 2. Two aspects are worthy of note in this table: (i) for both the considered runs, aluminium was the limiting reagent; (ii) the four ordered pairs (pH0, initial reactant concentration) are points in a pH-solubility diagram that were designed to lie below the pH-solubility curves for KH2PO4(s) and Al(OH)3(s), and above the solubility curve for AlPO4(s).
A kinetic model and parameters estimate for the synthesis of 2-phenyloctane: a starting material of bio-degradable surfactant
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2023
Sudip Banerjee, Md Aurangzeb, Amit Kumar
Steady-state general CSTR balance equationMole balance of 1-octeneMole balance of 1-octene isomersMole balance of 2-phenyloctane isomersHere, and denote the flow rate of species at the inlet and outlet of CSTR, respectively. The reaction rate of species is represented as and weight of catalyst as W. Additionally, represents space velocity. The simulator of the kinetic model that consists of algebraic equations is developed using computer code in MATLAB environment. A numerical approach, namely multivariable Newton–Raphson method is adopted to determine the conversion of 1-octene as well as the yield of 1-octene and 2-phenyloctane isomers with space velocity. Additionally, considering 1-octene as the limiting reagent, the yield is defined as the ratio of mole of the product (for example, isomers of 1-octene and 2-phenyloctane) produced per unit mole of 1-octene consumed.
Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a new 0D nanostructured [{Ar-Cl)tetra-azo-S}2Hg] coordination supramolecular compound derived from phenyl isothiocyanate ligand
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2019
Mohammad Kazem Mohammadi, Roushan Khoshnavazi, Samira Geravand, Mehdi Karimi, Pascal Retailleau, Ardavan Masoudiasl, Payam Hayati, Ghodrat Mahmoudi
Single crystals of [{(Ar-Cl)tetra-azo-S}2Hg] (1), suitable for an X-ray structure determination, were obtained as follows: 2.0 mmol (0.33 g) of l (4-chlorophenyl isothiocyanate) and 1.0 mmol (0.13 g) of NaN3 were placed in one arm of a branched tube and 1.0 mmol of HgCl2 (0.27 g) was placed in the other. After filling both arms with acetone, the tube was sealed and the ligand-containing arm was immersed in an oil bath at 60 °C. The other arm was left at ambient temperature. Following 8 d, colorless crystals were formed in the cooler arm. Afterwards, the crystals were filtered off, washed with acetone and dried in air (0.016 g, 53.33% yield based on the limiting reagent NaN3 (single crystal): m.p. = 260 °C. Anal. Calcd for C14H8Cl2HgN8S2: C: 26.96%, H: 1.28%, N: 17.97%; Found C: 26.35%, H: 1.10%, N: 17.48%. IR (selected bands for 1; in cm−1): 3080(s), 1680(s), 764(w), 465(w).