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Electric Transport Properties in PEDOT Thin Films
Published in John R. Reynolds, Barry C. Thompson, Terje A. Skotheim, Conjugated Polymers, 2019
Nara Kim, Ioannis Petsagkourakis, Shangzhi Chen, Magnus Berggren, Xavier Crispin, Magnus P. Jonsson, Igor Zozoulenko
As can be noted in Table 3.3, all the aforementioned PEDOT:biopolymer dispersions had a biological application, e.g. sensors, drug delivery. However, there was one case of a PEDOT:biopolymer that was used for an energy application, the case of PEDOT:lignosulfonate (PEDOT:Lignin) for supercapacitors. Lignosulfonate originates from the sulfonation of lignin, which in turn comes from wood and plants. Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer in plants (20–30%) and lignosulfonate is a typical byproduct of lignin, in the pulping of waste liquor.34 Due to its sulfonated group, lignosulfonate can also be used as a counter-ion to the p-doped PEDOT dispersion polymerization, in a similar manner to that of PEDOT:PSS. The reaction is presented in more detail in Figure 3.9i, resulting in the PEDOT:Lignin. Although the electrical conductivity of such a system is relatively low (<10−1 S/cm), it has exhibited prospective capacitive properties.34–35 Particularly, as shown in Figure 3.9ii, this PEDOT:Lignin has a specific capacitance up to 115 F/g, which is stable up to 1000 electrochemical cycles of the device. Although the conductivity of all those systems (i.e. PEDOT:Lignin, PEDOT:DS) is relatively low compared to PEDOT:Tos or PEDOT:PSS, they open the pathway for alternative biopolymer based conducting polymers.33
Chemical Modification of Lignin
Published in David N.-S. Hon, Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials, 2017
The sulfite process for separating lignin from plant biomass produces a class of lignin derivatives called lignosulfonates. Lignosulfonates contain approximately 6.5 wt % sulfur present as ionic sulfonate groups. These materials have molecular weights up to 150,000 and are very water-soluble. Less than 1 million Mg of lignosulfonates is produced in the United States each year and production is declining from year to year. Environmental restrictions are putting the sulfite pulp mills that produce lignosulfonates out of business. Because they are a slowly disappearing commodity, lignosulfonates will receive little attention in the following discussion of chemical modification.
Emerging Technology: The Bases For New Generations of Pesticide Formulation
Published in Chester L. Foy, David W. Pritchard, and Adjuvant Technology, 2018
The key feature of high concentration microencapsulation is use of lignosulfonates to produce stable emulsions of a molten organic compound in water. Reaction of monomers to form a plastic film around emulsion droplets produced suspensions that contain a larger volume of organic compound inside of microcapsules than the volume of water suspending the microcapsules. Subsequent patents identify other sulfonated polymers which are useful as emulsifiers for high concentration microencapsulation. Sulfonated polymers produce highly disperse suspensions, consequently, irreversible settling of microcapsules can be a problem once the suspensions are diluted to spray.
Structural and optical studies of gamma-irradiated polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and lignosulfonate thin film
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2023
S. A. Nouh, Ali A. Alhazime, K. Benthami, E. M. Mahrous, M. ME. Barakat
On the other hand, lignin is a natural amorphous polymer. It is one of the most abundant polymers in nature, only behind cellulose (12). Three fundamental structural units exist in lignin molecules, namely, p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl. These phenylpropane structural units comprise several active functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, and methoxy groups that represent the active centers of lignin modification (13). Lignosulphonates (Lg) are from lignin derivatives that have high molecular weights with a wide distribution. They contain a variety of functional groups, including phenolic hydroxyl and carboxylic groups and Sulphur containing groups (14). Lignosulfonates are obtained from sulphite pulping. The sulfonic acid group on the Lg defines its good water solubility.
A wind tunnel and field evaluation of various dust suppressants
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
Colette Alexia Preston, Cheryl McKenna Neuman, J. Wayne Boulton
The paper pulping process results in two groups of co-products: i) sugar-based products, such as lignosulfonates; and, ii) gum-based products, inclusive of tall oil pitch (Stantec Consulting Inc 2005). Lignosulfonates derive from the sulfite paper pulping process and are composed primarily of lignin, a natural polymer that creates strength in a woody plant by binding the cellulose fibers together (Midwest Industrial Supply 2017). When formulated as an ammonium ligninsulfonate, for example Dust Fyghter® LN100, the product coats soil particles to act as a dispersant, interfering with their tendency to aggregate and allowing for better compaction and vertical water flow through the substrate (Midwest Industrial Supply 2017). It is reported by the manufacturer that water evaporation from Dust Fyghter® LN100 produces a highly viscous material that may be rejuvenated when rewetted, usually during precipitation events, and is also freeze-thaw stable. It is commonly used to suppress dust emission from haul road surfaces, but is sometimes applied on areas where mine tailings are stored (Midwest Industrial Supply 2017).
Biobased Support Layers for the Fractionation and Selective Extraction of Lignosulfonates
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2020
Marlene Kienberger, Paul Demmelmayer, Michael Weißl, Armin Zankl, Stefan Spirk
As can be seen from the applications, lignosulfonates are used as emulsifiers, which renders the use of conventional extraction equipment for their isolation difficult, because it is accompanied by emulsion and crud formation. In a prior work, we demonstrated that emulsion formation can be effectively prevented by using supported-liquid-membrane permeation equipment.[11] These results make liquid-membrane permeation with supported membranes a potential future isolation technology for the treatment of complex process streams, such as process streams from wood pulping.