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Monitoring and Modeling of Pollutant Emissions from Small-Scale Biomass Combustion
Published in Mateusz Szubel, Mariusz Filipowicz, Biomass in Small-Scale Energy Applications: Theory and Practice, 2019
As the biomass includes cellulose, one of the products of decomposition of cellulose is the organic compound levoglucosan. Potassium also can be used to identify the pollutants emitted from biomass combustion; however, a wide range of data on the relationship between potassium and biomass smoke concentration exist, because of the strong dependence of potassium emissions on the combustion process. Additionally, potassium appears in airborne sea spray and soil. The ratio of levoglucosan/K was reported at a ratio of 6.25–216 (Puxbaum et al., 2007; AQEG, 2017). The measurement of these compounds in the CARBOSOL sampling sites led to the following observations and conclusions: (1) for fires in small ovens the conversion factor (CF) for biomass smoke OC = CF * levoglucosan is approximately 5, while for fire places it is around 7–10, and for open wild fires it is above 10; (2) the highest monthly observation of wood smoke was 14 μg/m3; (3) biomass combustion contributes to organic matter 47%–68% at rural flat terrain sites during the winter; and (4) the share of biomass emissions in organic matter during the cold season is much higher than during rest of the year (Puxbaum et al., 2007). Harrison et al. (2012) proposed the relationship between biomass smoke mass and levoglucosan at 11.2. Based on this, the average concentrations of wood smoke during the summer and winter sampling periods were estimated at 0.23 μg m−3 in Birmingham and 0.33 μg m−3 in London.
Flame Retardance of Fabrics
Published in Menachem Lewin, Stephen B. Sello, Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology: Chemical Processing of Fibers and Fabrics, 2018
As can be seen from Table 1.16, the smoke emission from fabrics of very similar construction and weight made from blends does not behave in an additive way, e.g., polyester and cotton, polyester and wool [252]. Similar results were obtained for wool-Leavil, wool-Cordelan, and wool-modacrylic blends [253–255]. The blend ratio and the fabric construction appear to influence the smoke emission so that the results are difficult to predict. Furthermore, it has been shown [256] that the pyrolytic behavior of wool-cotton blends is entirely different from that of the individual components due to interactions between the pyrolytic decomposition products and the polymers, which changes the decomposition paths. The endotherm in the DSC diagram of cellulose, which is due to decomposition of levoglucosan formed on pyrolysis, disappears upon the addition of relatively small amounts of wool. Since levoglucosan is formed from the crystalline regions of the cellulose, its disappearance was attributed to the swelling decrystallization of the cellulose by amino derivatives formed during the simultaneous pyrolysis of the wool [256]. Levoglucosan is the “monomer” obtained upon pyrolysis of cellulose and is the major constituent in the liquid tar droplets found in the flame and smoke of cellulose. The prevention of its formation may explain the low smoke emission of wool-cotton blends measured by Benisek and Phillips [253].
Flame Retardants
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
The first step, i.e., formation of 1,6-anhydroglucose (levoglucosan), is significant from flammability point of view. Levoglucosan, a precursor of flammable volatiles, is the main pyrolytic product of cellulose. It is cyclic-acetal-created when the α-1, 4-glucosidic linkage is split and a molecule of water is lost (Equation 4.7).
Elucidating the pyrolysis properties of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) biomass and characterisation of its pyrolysis products
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 2023
Dionisio Malagón Romero, Jhony Stiphen Gómez Junca, Lizeth Katherine Tinoco Navarro, Juan Pablo Arrubla Vélez
According to previous studies, the thermal degradation characteristics of wood materials or plants are strongly influenced by their chemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). For instance, from materials rich in cellulose, levoglucosan is obtained as the main reaction product from pyrolysis between 289°C and 314°C, for which a kinetic model has been developed (Bradbury, Sakai, and Shafizadeh 1979). The biomass that undergoes pyrolytic reactions at high temperatures forms different compounds such as saccharides, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin, which degrade thermally to ketones, alcohols, furan, and pyran derivatives. However, lignin is converted into phenol, guaiacol, syringol, pyrocatechol, and their derivatives, which dissolve in the bio-oil layer (Ma et al. 2014).
High temperature and pressure regime soot: Physical, optical and chemical signatures from high explosive detonations
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2022
Allison C. Aiken, Rachel C. Huber, Andrew M. Schmalzer, Mark Boggs, James E. Lee, Kyle J. Gorkowski, David W. Podlesak, Manvendra K. Dubey
Another type of aerosol that can be identified using mass spectral signatures are biomass burning particles. The presence of levoglucosan has been used on filters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for a long time. More recently, the main fragment of levoglucosan has been identified using electron impact aerosol mass spectrometry at m/z 60 to identify primary biomass burning aerosol (Aiken et al. 2009; Cubison et al. 2011). The mass spectral signature from the Woodbury plume does not include a high m/z 60 due to the amount of oxidation that has occurred in the atmosphere as this sample was aged approximately two days since emission (Lee et al. 2020). It is significant yet unsurprising to note that none of the detonation soot samples include appreciable signal at m/z 60. Other single-particle methods for biomass burning identification use a combination of potassium and organic markers with a lack of crustal, marine, and industrial metals (Hudson et al. 2004). Potassium sources can confound bulk measurements (Legrand et al. 2016; Sullivan et al. 2019), and are not used here.
Natural minerals as potential catalysts for the pyrolysis of date kernels: effect of catalysts on products yield and bio-oil quality
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2021
Rima A. Aljeradat, Salah H. Aljbour, Nabeel A. Jarrah
Bio-oil obtained under uncatalyzed conditions mainly constitutes of chemical compounds that belong to BOAP III and Organic III. The main BOAP III compound is levoglucosan, while Organic III contains organic acids that is believed to increase the acidity of the bio-oil (Ha and Lee 2020). Under catalytic conditions, the content of BOAP III has been reduced. Zeolitic tuff performance in reducing the content of BOAP III was relatively better than diatomite, tripoli, and phosphogypsum. Jeon et al. (2013) investigated the pyrolysis of biomass components in the presence of mesoporous catalysts. The researchers reported that levoglucosan was catalytically converted into high-value-added species like furans and aromatics. Torri, Lesci, and Fabbri (2009) carried out catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose using a variety of catalysts and found that the use of catalysts resulted in lower levels of levoglucosan and higher levels of levoglucosenone and LAC. Mohabeer (2018) reported that catalytic upgrading of bio-oil using zeolite-based catalysts converts levoglucosan volatiles into furan compounds through deoxygenation. In the non-catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose, Ido et al. (2020) found that levoglucosan was the major product as a main decomposition product of cellulose. On the other hand, for in-situ catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose with HZSM-5 and TiO2, levoglucosan disappeared, and aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene and toluene were detected.