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Particulates
Published in Charles E. Baukal, Industrial Combustion Pollution and Control, 2003
The emission of toxic particulates is of particular concern. This usually occurs when the material being treated in the combustor contains toxic materials. For example, lead particles are added to the raw batch feed materials to make leaded glass. When some of these lead particles are carried out of the combustor in the exhaust products, they must be scrubbed out to prevent lead from being emitted into the atmosphere. This is a problem not only because of the toxicity of lead, but also because the incoming lead in the batch is an expensive raw material. Lead particles escaping out of the glass-melting process are in effect paid for twice: once as incoming raw materials and again to be removed from the exhaust products.
The Effect of Wavelength Shifting Fibers on Cherenkov Glass Detectors for Gamma-Ray Measurements
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2022
Since the discovery of Cherenkov radiation in 1934, Cherenkov detectors have been developed and used in several fields, such as astrophysics experiments, radiochemistry, and biology.1 In these fields, the detectors have been used in many applications, like ring imaging Cherenkov detectors, time-of-flight positron emission tomography, detection of antineutrino by neutron sensing, threshold discrimination and particle identification, and X-ray imaging systems.1 Moreover, several types of Cherenkov detectors have been reported, including water, silica aerogel, gas, and glass. The most widely studied and used is the glass type, especially lead glass because of its high refractive index and high density. Cherenkov detectors have several advantages compared with other detector types, such as low noise due to the low-energy threshold of Cherenkov radiation and short decay constant. However, the yield of Cherenkov photons is low. Only several hundred Cherenkov photons can be generated per megaelectron-volt in several media, as shown in Fig. 1. This means about 10−3 of the particle’s energy is converted into Cherenkov photons, and this conversion is a factor of 100 smaller than scintillators.2