China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Environmental Effects of Energy Production and Utilization
Published in Efstathios E. Michaelides, Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability, 2018
Recent toxicological studies have proven that chemicals containing lead are harmful to the health of the humans, because lead compounds affect the synapses in brain cells, especially those of children. Prolonged exposure to lead has been proven to cause mental retardation and brain disorders to humans, including dementia.5 The ingestion of large quantities of lead will cause death (lead poisoning).
Thin-Film Solar Cells
Published in Joachim Piprek, Handbook of Optoelectronic Device Modeling and Simulation, 2017
Matthias Auf der Maur, Tim Albes, Alessio Gagliardi
Substantially, perovskite technology is “dirty,” cheap but performing at the same time, reaching efficiencies as high as 20% at cell level [15]. However, it struggles with several open issues. Most importantly, stability is still very poor [39], which is mostly due to the sensitivity of the MAPbI3 to humidity [40]. Second, often the measured current–voltage characteristics show pronounced hysteresis, which is nowadays believed to be due to migration of charged defects, especially lead vacancies, in the perovskite. This poses difficulties for the accurate experimental evaluation of cell efficiencies. Finally, toxicity of lead halide perovskites may be an issue. In fact, lead compounds are toxic, and therefore often banned by law and certainly unpopular in industry. Identification of lead-free perovskites, however, did not yet lead to satisfactory candidates. It seems, that lead-based halides provide best performance.
Carbon Nanotubes Used for Renewable Energy Applications and Environmental Protection/Remediation
Published in Kaufui V. Wong, Nanotechnology and Energy, 2017
Kaufui V. Wong, Benoit Bachelier
Lead and lead compounds are generally toxic pollutants and are nonbiodegradable. Different water purification technologies already exist for lead removal, such as sand filtration and ion exchange, but their applications are limited by low efficiencies. Since the last decade, researchers are very interested in the use of CNTs for lead removal due to their exceptional properties listed earlier.
Hydrochloric acid leaching behavior of metals from non-magnetic fraction of Pb dross
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2019
Sanghyeon Choi, Kyoungkeun Yoo, Richard Diaz Alorro
Lead (Pb) has used as lead acid batteries, lead compounds, lead pipes, radiation shielding materials, and cable sheathing (http://www.kores.net), and it has been found that the demand for lead as acid batteries is the highest among them (Park & Sohn, 2015). According to QYRsearch’s report (2018), the global recycled lead market is expected to grow to 12.61 billion US$ in 2017 and 13.06 billion US$ in 2018. Recycled lead metal produced in Korea in 2014 was about 340,000 tons, which accounts for 47.9% of production in Korea (Park, Kang, Lee, Lee, & Kim, 2019). In Korea, Korea Zinc and some companies are operating lead acid battery recycling processes (Park & Sohn, 2015).