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The Chemistry of Hazardous Materials
Published in Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo, Rapid Review of Chemistry for the Life Sciences and Engineering, 2021
Armen S. Casparian, Gergely Sirokman, Ann O. Omollo
Hydrogen and oxygen react in more than one ratio to form either water or hydrogen peroxide, (illustrating the Law of Multiple Proportions), as shown below: 2H2(g)+O2(g)→H2O(l)H2(g)+O2(g)→H2O2(l)
Stoichiometry
Published in Himadri Roy Ghatak, Reaction Engineering Principles, 2018
What is expressed by the chemical Equation 2.8? It tells us that in the said reaction a1 moles of the reactant A1 react with a2 moles of the reactant A2, a3 moles of the reactant A3, and so on to form p1 moles of the product P1, p2 moles of the product P2, and so on. For this reaction, the ratios a1/a2, a1/a3, … a1/an, and a1/p1, a1/p2, … a1/pl are all fixed. If they are not fixed, the “Law of Definite Proportions” and the “Law of Multiple Proportions” will be violated. The quantities a1, a2, … an, and p1, p2, … pl are known as the stoichiometric coefficients of the respective chemical species A1, A2, … An, and P1, P2, … P1. Therefore, it follows that in the balanced chemical equation of a given reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients are in a fixed ratio.
Berthelot’s Pathway from Synthesis to Thermochemistry
Published in Ambix, 2019
Unfortunately for Berthollet, a new conception of chemical combination appeared at the same time as the publication of the Essai. In 1794, then more explicitly in 1799, Joseph Louis Proust (1754–1826) enunciated the law of definite proportions, according to which the weights of the elements in chemical compounds correspond to fixed ratios.35 This idea soon found significant support with the atomic theory of John Dalton (1766–1844), and his law of multiple proportions. In a short time, most chemists abandoned the Bertholletian corpuscularian ontology, and rejected the idea of equilibrium in favour of a return to complete and unequivocal action, the only mode seemingly able to explain multiple proportions.