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Plant Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Genetically engineered maize or transgenic maize is created by incorporating desirable traits such as herbicide and pest resistance. Transgenic maize is currently grown commercially in the United States. Maize varieties resistant to glyphosate isopropylamine salt, Liberty herbicides, and Roundup have been produced. There are also maize hybrids with tolerance to imidazoline herbicides marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred under the trademark Clearfield, but in these the herbicide tolerance trait was bred without the use of genetic engineering. Consequently, the regulatory framework governing the approval, use, trade, and consumption of transgenic crops does not apply for imidazoline-tolerant maize. Herbicide-resistant GM maize is grown in the United States. A variation of herbicide-resistant GM maize was approved for import into the European Union in 2004. Such imports remain highly controversial (The Independent, 2005).
Agricultural biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2018
Genetically engineered maize or transgenic maize (Maize) is created by incorporating desirable traits such as herbicide and pest resistance. Transgenic maize is currently grown commercially in the United States. Maize varieties resistant to glyphosate isopropylamine (salt) (Liberty) herbicides and roundup have been produced. There are also maize hybrids with tolerance to imidazoline herbicides marketed by Pioneer Hi-Bred under the trademark Clearfield, but in these the herbicide tolerance trait was bred without the use of genetic engineering. Consequently, the regulatory framework governing the approval, use, trade, and consumption of transgenic crops does not apply for imidazoline-tolerant maize. Herbicide-resistant GM maize is grown in the United States. A variation of herbicide-resistant GM maize was approved for import into the European Union in 2004. Such imports remain highly controversial (The Independent, 2005).
List of Chemical Substances
Published in T.S.S. Dikshith, and Safety, 2016
Atrazine is a colorless, crystalline solid. Although atrazine is very stable, it is only slightly soluble in water, but soluble in N-pentane, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, and methanol. Atrazine is a broad-spectrum triazine herbicide and is used as a selective herbicide for weed control in corn and asparagus, in the culture of sugarcane and pineapple. Additionally, it is used as a total herbicide on roads and public places as well as on uncultivated ground in combination with amitrol, bromacil, dalapon, and growth promoters. Atrazine inhibits photosynthesis and other metabolic processes in plants. There are no natural sources of atrazine. It is produced from cyanuric acid chloride with ethyl-amine and isopropylamine. The reaction takes place successively in tetrachloromethane. All atrazine produced is released into the environment. The formulations include granules, water dispersible granules, liquid, suspension concentrate, wettable powder, and a combination with many other herbicides. Atrazine is compatible with various insecticides and fungicides.
A single exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of a glyphosate-based herbicide or fluoxetine-based agent on growth performance in Nile tilapia
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Amanda Carolina Cole Varela, Suelen Mendonça Soares, Milena Fortuna, Vitória Cadore Costa, Ísis Piasson Barletto, Mateus Timbola Mozatto, Lisiane Siqueira, Heloísa Helena de Alcantara Barcellos, Rodrigo Egydio Barreto, Leonardo José Gil Barcellos
Considering agrochemicals used for human purposes, glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH - (CAS Number 1071-83-6)) is frequently used worldwide (Cuhra, Bøhn, and Cuhra 2016; Mensah, Palmer, and Odume 2015). The wide range of applications of GBH and its prolonged persistence (half-life) in water is associated with aquatic life harming due to chronic contact with GBH (Annett, Habibi, and Hontela 2014; Costa et al. 2022; De Maria et al. 2022; Pohl et al. 2019; Zheng et al. 2021). The major formulation of GBH is RoundupⓇ, in which glyphosate is formulated as isopropylamine salt and a surfactant, polyethoxylene amine (POEA). It is noteworthy that, the presence of glyphosate and its derivatives were previously detected in groundwater, surface water, sediments, and sea and rainwater (Allinson et al. 2016; Bradley et al. 2017; Gunarathna et al. 2018; Okada et al. 2018).
In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity assessment of glyphosate and imazethapyr-based herbicides and their association
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Gessyca Costa, Andréia Fernandes, Thaís Santos, Lara Brito, Laís Rodrigues, Marize Valadares, Israel Felzenszwalb, Elisa Ferraz, Daniela Morais Leme, Gisele Oliveira
Herbicides are used worldwide to control weeds in modern agricultural crop production systems due to convenient application, cost-effectiveness and rapid response (Abbas et al. 2018; Gage, Krausz, and Walters 2019; Yu et al. 2015). Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine; GLY] is the active ingredient most widely used globally to control weeds in both agricultural and non-agricultural areas (e.g., domestic use) (Aguiar et al. 2016; Armiliato et al. 2014; Giesy, Dobson, and Solomon 2000; Mesnage et al. 2015; Santos et al. 2019; Vandenberg et al. 2017; Webster et al. 2014). Currently there are approximately 750 GLY-based products where GLY is the main active ingredient registered in more than 100 countries and commercially available under different brand names (Rodrigues et al. 2017; Williams, Kroes, and Munro 2000). It is noteworthy that Glyphosate Atanor 48® (ATN) is a formulation equivalent to Roundup, composed of 48% w/v of GLY as the isopropylamine salt plus surfactants of unknown composition and water.
Impact of a Non-Formal Environmental Education Program on safe handling of pesticides among Mexican subsistence farmers: a participatory pilot study
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Belén Madeline Sánchez-Gervacio, José Legorreta-Soberanis, Ramón Bedolla-Solano, José Luis Rosas-Acevedo, Rafael Valencia-Quintana, Ana Laura Juárez-López, Sergio Paredes-Solís
In order to reduce the harmful effects of pesticides, Mexico has tried to regulate their use by creating laws which include General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection (Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF) 2012), General Law for the Prevention and Integral Management of Waste (Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF) 2018) and the Official Mexican Standard NOM-052-SEMARNAT-2005 (Diario Oficial de la Federación (DOF) 2006). However, as these laws are largely unknown to farmers (García and Rodríguez 2012), in rural communities there is very limited impact of these laws on the adverse effects of pesticides (Sankoh et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2016). Pesticides prohibited in other countries due to high degree of toxicity are still used in Mexico; notable among them are. 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridyl dichloride (Paraquat), O, O-diethyl-O-4 -nitro-phenylthiophosphate (Paration), diethyl 2 - [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl) sulfanyl] butanedioate (Malathion), 2-acetic acid; isopropylamine salt of N (-phosphonomethyl) glycina (Glyphosate) (Pérez et al. 2013) and 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl-methyl carbamate (Furadan) (Bejarano et al. 2017).