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Advancements in Extremozymes and their Potential Applications in Biorefinery
Published in Pratibha Dheeran, Sachin Kumar, Extremophiles, 2022
Alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH) and monomeric sugar isomerases have application in the production of ethanol, butanol and secondary alcohols. Thermoanaerobacter and Geobacillus are well known ADH producers (Peng et al. 2008). Sugar isomerases play a significant role in tailoring carbohydrate streams (glucose, xylose or arabinose) to respective monomeric forms. Glucose isomerase is currently widely used in the production of High Fructose Corn Syrup in the food industry (Lim and Saville 2007), while arabinose isomerase is used in the production of sweeteners.
Enzymatic Reaction Kinetics and Immobilization of Enzymes
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Enzymes are mostly globular proteins and act as catalysts. A catalyst is defined as a substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing a permanent chemical change. The activation energy of the reactant molecules is lowered to increase the rate of a catalytic chemical reaction but it does not influence the equilibrium of the reaction (Figure 4.1). Enzymes are very specific to one substrate, because one enzyme usually does not participate in different reactions. For example glucose isomerase acts on glucose only and converts glucose to fructose.
Enzymatic Reaction Kinetics
Published in Debabrata Das, Debayan Das, Biochemical Engineering, 2019
Isomerases catalyze a molecule to convert one isomer to another; for example, Glucose isomeraseGlucose→Fructose
Cost-effective, high-yield production of Pyrobaculum calidifontis DNA polymerase for PCR application
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Kashif Maseh, Syed Farhat Ali, Shazeel Ahmad, Naeem Rashid
Archaea constitute the third domain of life. Over past years, a lot of new species of this domain have been discovered and characterized - many of which are extremophiles.[1] Initially Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota were the two main phyla of this domain. However, with broader environmental sampling, many new archaeal species were discovered which do not fall in these phyla. This led to a redesign of archaeal taxonomy. Currently the archaeal superphyla include Asgard, DPANN and TACK.[2] Archaea have gained much attention because of extreme environments they dwell. Their enzymes are stable in harsh environments and find application in a variety of industrial processes.[3] Some examples include carbohydrate acting enzymes, proteases, lipases, dehydrogenases, isomerases and DNA polymerases.[4,5]
Transesterification of vegetable oils into biodiesel by an immobilized lipase: a review
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Akossi Moya Joëlle Carole, Kouassi Konan Edmond, Abolle Abollé, Kouassi Esaie Kouadio Appiah, Yao Kouassi Benjamin
Enzymes are thermolabile proteins, biocatalysts in metabolic reactions. They act at low concentration and have a specificity of action. In modern biotechnology, enzymes catalyze reactions of interest to different industries, such as food, energy, medical or chemical industries. They are classified into seven main categories: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, and translocases [46–48]: Oxidoreductases catalyze electron and proton transfers from a donor to a receptor.Example: superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide.Transferases catalyze the transfer of groups.Example: glutathione S-transferases.Hydrolases catalyze the hydrolysis reactions of molecules.Example: lipases, esterases, proteases, amidases.Lyases catalyze decomposition reactions in which a C-C, C-O, C-N or other bond is broken without hydrolysis or oxidation.Example: fructose, bisphosphate, aldolase.Isomerases catalyze the transfer of groups in the same molecule to produce isomeric forms.Example: triose-phosphate isomerase.Ligases catalyze the joining of two molecules by new covalent bonds with concomitant hydrolysis of Adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) or other similar molecules.Example: glutamine synthetase.Translocases catalyze the movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes in general. Example: extern mitochondrial membrane.