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Protein-Based Nanosystems as Emerging Bioavailability Enhancers for Nutraceuticals
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Rohini Samadarsi, Debjani Dutta
Elastin an essential component in connective tissue enables maintaining the elasticity of the skin and tensile strength of the underlying tissues. Formation of desmosine and isodesmosine results from oxidative deami-nation of lysine that can crosslink elastin. Two types of polypeptides derived from elastin are used in nutraceutical delivery system, namely, (1) α-o elastin, which undergoes aggregation under certain selective conditions, and (2) elastin-like polypeptides, derived from tropoelastin, a precursor synthesized during the development of desmosine and isodesmosine which aggregates at elevated temperature. The elastin-like polypeptides are highly soluble. Wu et al. (2009) synthesized elastin nanoparticles for the sustained release nutraceutical by electrospraying method.
Proteins for Conditioning Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
Elastin is the second most common connective tissue protein after collagen, constituting 60-80% of the dry weight of blood vessels and ligaments. Its unique amino acids are desmosine and isodesmosine. In skin, elastin fibers enmeshed in collagen provide skin with its elastic strength (23). Excessive sun exposure leads to abnormal, disoriented elastin fibers and folding of the epidermis (i.e., wrinkles) (26). Like hydrolyzed collagen, hydrolyzed elastin of 2000 to 5000 Da is a good film former, but is much less hygroscopic due to its much lower polar and charged amino acid content (see Tables 2 and 3). As a result it has much higher hydroalcoholic and polyol solubility and can reduce swelling of hair during permanent waving and coloring processes. Like other low-polarity protein hydrolyzates, such as silk (17), it may be preferable to collagen (and other more hydrophilic hydrolyzates) where humidity resistance is desirable.
Biomolecules and Tissue Properties
Published in Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee, Building Tissues, 2018
Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee
Elastin is formed when multiple tropoelastin molecules are covalently bonded together via crosslinks. Tropoelastin is the elastin precursor and is soluble. Tropoelastin is transported to the intercellular space by elastin-binding protein (EBP) and joins with microfibril proteins. Lysine residues in tropoelastin undergo oxidative deamination because of lysyl oxidase, forming desmosine- and isodesmosine-based crosslinks form. The crosslinking creates elastin but also decreases solubility, which is why elastic fibers are a highly insoluble in water. Elastin’s hydrophobicity allows the molecules to slide over one another. This creates stretch and allows recoil in the tissue. The desmosine and isodesmosine crosslinks (covalent bonds) link four elastin molecules. Desmosine and isodesmosine are unique to elastin.
Animal models and mechanisms of tobacco smoke-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2023
Priya Upadhyay, Ching-Wen Wu, Alexa Pham, Amir A. Zeki, Christopher M. Royer, Urmila P. Kodavanti, Minoru Takeuchi, Hasan Bayram, Kent E. Pinkerton
Animal models were instrumental in advancing our understanding of COPD and its potential treatments. Studies utilizing animal models provided insights into mechanisms underlying COPD pathophysiology, determined novel interventions, explored regenerative potential, and identified potential biomarkers. Qiu et al. (2022) observed that elevated levels of IL-27, a member of IL-12 family cytokines, was accompanied by an exaggerated IFN-γ+CD8+Tc1 response in a smoking mouse model of emphysema. These observations suggested that IL-27 negatively regulated IFN-γ+CD8+Tc1 response in the late stage of chronic cigarette smoke exposure, which may provide a new strategy for the anti-inflammatory treatment of smoking-related COPD/emphysema. Kim et al. (2018) demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) was decreased in lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice and intranasal recombinant FGF-2 (rFGF-2) significantly reduced macrophage-dominant inflammation and alveolar destruction in lungs, suggesting that inhaling rFGF-2 may be a new therapeutic option for patients with COPD. Chen et al. (2019) established a mouse model of COPD utilizing cigarette smoke exposure and found that C-X-C motif chemokine 5 levels correlated with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor levels in both plasma/serum and BALF obtained from patients and the mouse model. Chen et al. (2019) suggested that the elevated circulating C-X-C motif chemokine 5 are associated with lung function decline and might serve as a blood-based biomarker for preliminary screening and diagnosis of COPD. In a study using an animal model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH), Jiang et al. (2018) showed that circulating levels of miR-190a-5p correlated with the severity of PH secondary to COPD and suggested that miR-190a-5p may serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of COPD-PH. Turino et al. (2018) noted that hyaluronan aerosol reduced the severity of elastase-induced emphysema in animal models and indicating promising results in preliminary human studies by decreasing levels of desmosine and isodesmosine (DI), which might serve as biomarkers of elastin degradation.