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Water Dissociation Technologies for Hydrogen
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Water for Energy and Fuel Production, 2014
Besides those mentioned above, manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, and iron-based mixed oxide—redox pairs have also been tested [90,90,93,94,106] (Funk, 2011, pers. comm.). The mixed iron oxide cycle was demonstrated at 10 kW level in the European Union’s R&D project called “HYDROSOL” (2002-2005). The model for the monolithic solar thermochemical reactor (see Figure 11.5) was the catalyst converter used for automobile exhaust treatment. The multichanneled monoliths reactor with no moving parts absorbed solar radiation. The monolith channels were coated with mixed iron oxides—nanomaterials that can be activated by heating to 1250°C. The reactor dissociated water vapor and trapped oxygen allowing hydrogen to be released in the product stream at 800°C. Thus, a cyclic operation in a single closed receiver—reactor system separated produced oxygen and hydrogen. With the use of two or more reactor chambers in an alternate fashion, quasi-continuous stream of hydrogen was produced. “HYDROSOL II“ (2005-2009) process tested 100 kW dual-chamber pilot reactor at PSA, Spain [1,90,93,94,106] (Funk, 2011, pers. comm.).
Lubricant Effects on White Etching Cracking Failures in Thrust Bearing Rig Tests
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2018
Tabassumul Haque, Spyridon Korres, James T. Carey, Peter W. Jacobs, Joerg Loos, Joerg Franke
The literature supports the proposed model of water dissociation on ferrous tribological surfaces (Rossmeisl, et al. (48)). The dissociation energy for water is approximately 460 kJ/mol (4.8 eV), so the friction energy on the bearing contact surfaces alone would not suffice for this reaction. However, the iron oxide cycle reaction can take place at a significantly lower temperature, as explained elsewhere (Ehrensberger, et al. (49)), which translates to about 11 kJ/mol or 0.1 eV.