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Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2023
Revati Phalkey, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, John O’Hagan, Mutahir Ahmad, Darren Addison, Tracy Gooding, Timothy W Gant, Emma L Marczylo, Caryn L Cox
Thyroid stimulating hormone and the thyroid gland – the thyroid stimulating hormone acts on the thyroid gland in the neck and stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine. The thyroid hormone stimulates metabolism by acting on the cells to speed up the rate at which food is used up and converted to heat and energy. The thyroid gland is unique in that it stores its hormones as a colloid in small vesicles in the gland. The other glands store their secretions in the cells themselves. The formation of the thyroid hormone requires iodine which has to be in the diet. In regions where populations may encounter a deficiency of iodine in their diets the addition of small quantities of iodine to salt (iodised salt) has helped in the prevention of enlargement of the thyroid or goitre which occurs in iodine deficiency. Deficiency of the thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) in a child causes cretinism where the development of the nervous system is affected, and the child is mentally retarded. In an adult, deficiency of thyroid hormone causes myxoedema where the body temperature is low, the heart rate is slow, brain activity is sluggish and there is deposition of fluid-like material under the skin. The face and eyelids become puffy.
Micronutrient Status of Soils and Crops in Pakistan
Published in Abdul Rashid, Munir Zia, Waqar Ahmad, Micronutrient Fertilizer Use in Pakistan, 2023
Abdul Rashid, Munir Zia, Waqar Ahmad
Per capita iodine intake from staple foods, based on average wheat consumption @ 350 g per day with a mean iodine concentration of 0.01 μg g−1, would be 3.5 μg per day. As on average wheat (flour) contributes 65% of daily caloric needs in Pakistan, iodine intake from this staple cereal is extremely limited and is far below the minimum recommended iodine intake. An iodine intake of 25.4 μg a day has been estimated based on median iodine concentrations observed in wheat grains and groundwater against the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations of a daily intake of 150 μg iodine (WHO, 2007). National Nutrition Survey (2018) estimated that on average, 80% of Pakistani households consume iodized salt with the lowest usage in KP, i.e., 31.6%. However, the number of the households that consume iodized salt have changed in a survey that was conducted in 2018 (NNS, 2019). With less than 100 μg I day−1, a series of thyroid functional and developmental abnormalities occur in which symptoms could be as goiter and/or reduced mental and physical development of children. An iodine-deficient population might suffer from an IQ reduction of 10–15% on a national scale (Stewart et al., 2003). This situation demands diversification of dietary intake by including iodine-rich sources like fish, milk, fruits, and iodized salt. For example, by consuming 5 g of iodized salt (having 15 μg iodine per g of salt), an individual’s additional intake of iodine might be about 75 μg a day, but one has also to take into account iodine losses during the process of cooking.
Human physiology, hazards and health risks
Published in Stephen Battersby, Clay's Handbook of Environmental Health, 2016
David J. Baker, Naima Bradley, Alec Dobney, Virginia Murray, Jill R. Meara, John O’Hagan, Neil P. McColl, Caryn L. Cox
The thyroid stimulating hormone acts on the thyroid gland in the neck and stimulates the release of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine. The thyroid hormone stimulates metabolism by acting on the cells to speed up the rate at which food is used up and converted to heat and energy. The thyroid gland is unique in that it stores its hormones as a colloid in small vesicles in the gland. The other glands store their secretions in the cells themselves. The formation of the thyroid hormone requires iodine which has to be in the diet. In regions where populations may encounter a deficiency of iodine in their diets the addition of small quantities of iodine to salt (iodised salt) has helped in the prevention of enlargement of the thyroid or goitre which occurs in iodine deficiency. Deficiency of the thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) in a child causes cretinism where the development of the nervous system is affected and the child is mentally retarded. In an adult, deficiency of thyroid hormone causes myxoedema where the body temperature is low, the heart rate is slow, brain activity is sluggish and there is deposition of fluid-like material under the skin. The face and eyelids become puffy.
Container gardening to combat micronutrients deficiencies in mothers and young children during dry/lean season in northern Ghana
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2019
Clement Kubreziga Kubuga, Andrew Dillon, Won Song
Sociodemographic characteristics of women in each community is summarized in Table 1. All the women were engaged in farming in the wet season, though reported other forms of occupations. Only five households (less than 10%) of the households studied used iodized salt with adequate level of iodine suggested by WHO. Table 2 shows of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves (HSL) harvested in Sakaa community for the first and second harvesting session (46.7 kg and 45.5 kg, respectively) and in Chania community (33.6 kg and 33.3 kg, respectively). These yields are averaged by 2.0 kg/container/cycle. Cabbage rolls in Figure 6 (75 and 58 heads, respectively) were harvested with a total seasonal market value of $94.94 and $73.41 in the Sakaa and Chania communities, respectively, with a mean of $11.22/container/cycle. In this project, the prices of cabbages sold had dipped as they were sold at the beginning of rainy season