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Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Water
Published in Sreedevi Upadhyayula, Amita Chaudhary, Advanced Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment, 2021
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is a measure of the combined total of inorganic and organic substances dissolved in water in the ionic and molecular form (Singh & Kalra 1975). The most common dissolved inorganic ions of metals, including calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron, manganese along with the anions such as bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, and carbonates, can pass through a filter with a pore size of around 2 microns. Suspended particles include silt and clay, plankton, fine organic debris, and other particulate matter. These particles will not pass through 2-micron filters. Small quantities of chloromethanes are formed by reaction of chlorine (used to disinfect water) with humic and fulvic acids from soil. They do not get filtered off through normal filtration.
Carbon Nanotubes-Based Adsorbent: An Efficient Water Purification Technology
Published in A. K. Haghi, K. M. Praveen, Sabu Thomas, Engineered Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibrous Materials, 2019
Rangnath Ravi, Sajid Iqbal, Ghosal Anujit, Ahmad Sharif
In addition to heavy metals, inorganic ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, Cl-, CO32-, PO43-, NO3−, NO2−, Br−, F−, Li+, and NH4+ are also found in water. The natural sources of inorganic ionic species in water systems include the weathering of rocks, atmospheric deposition, and groundwater runoffs, whereas anthropogenically, these ions inputs into water bodies from agriculture, animal husbandry, aquaculture activities, and municipal and industrial wastewaters.19 List of essential elements and their necessary percentage in the body is given in Figure 7.3.
Fed-Batch Culture Processes
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
Some medium components are not consumed or are consumed at such a minute rate that their concentration change in a typical culture is not detectable. Some examples include inorganic ions like sodium, calcium, and sulfate. These hardly-consumed medium components may not need to be added to the feed, but because the culture volume increases upon feeding they will become diluted. Consequently, feeding of these unconsumed components may be necessary if their dilution affects growth or product synthesis. When included in the feed, they are at basal medium levels so that they are not diluted by the expanding volume (Panel 9.5).
Resource recovery and utilization of bittern wastewater from salt production: a review of recovery technologies and their potential applications
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2021
Arseto Yekti Bagastyo, Afrah Zhafirah Sinatria, Anita Dwi Anggrainy, Komala Affiyanti Affandi, Sucahyaning Wahyu Trihasti Kartika, Ervin Nurhayati
Similarly to lithium recovery, ion exchange is considered the most suitable method for rubidium and cesium extraction, particularly from a low-concentration solution. The use of inorganic ion exchange agents is common, owing to their high exchange capacity, good selectivity, good thermal stability, and radiation resistance. Moreover, compared to several other adsorbents (zeolite, polyoxometalates, metal ferrocyanide and ferricyanide, hydrate oxide and polyvalent metals, etc.), composite adsorbents of polyoxometalates, metal ferrocyanide, and ferricyanide have shown a higher recovery efficiency of more than 99% [54]. This type of composite adsorbent combines two or more adsorbents to enhance its selectivity, capacity, and stability, and to overcome the weakness of a single-exchange agent. However, although ion exchange has been highlighted as a more promising technology than precipitation and solvent extraction for the recovery of lithium, rubidium, and cesium, it needs further investigation before being applied at larger scales.
Predicting the antagonistic effect between albite-anorthite synergy and anhydrite on chemical enhanced oil recovery: effect of inorganic ions and scaling
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2020
Eric O. Ansah, Ronald Nguele, Yuchi Sugai, Kyuro Sasaki
Water-I (or Water-II) were injected at 1 cm3/min until the oil cut was less than 1%. Then, the plug was aged for 20 days at 55 °C. The incremental oil recovery was thereafter ascertained using either Formul-I or Formul-II. Approximately, 0.10 to 0.25 PV was injected in the plug at a rate of 0.75 cm3/min at the trail of what was injected low saline water (0.10 wt% NaCl) hereinafter termed as chase water. The effluent fluids were collected in a fractionator and recorded as the volume of oil, water or emulsion. Also, four inorganic ions including sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+) and sulfate (SO42−) and the water pH were monitored
Spatial differences in ambient coarse and fine particles in the Monterrey metropolitan area, Mexico: Implications for source contribution
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Y. Mancilla, I.Y. Hernandez Paniagua, A. Mendoza
The analytical measurements were conducted according to the letter of each standard method described in this section. The microfiber quartz filters were baked at ~600°C for at least 8 hr in order to remove organic residues prior to use in the field. The filters were weighed before and after field sampling using a Sartorius ME5 microbalance (1 mg readability) in a weighing chamber with controlled temperature and relative humidity to obtain the total collected particulate matter. The allowable weighing temperature was a 24-hr average between 20°C and 23°C (standard deviation less than 2°C), and the 24-hr mean relative humidity was maintained between 30% and 40% (standard deviation less than 5%). The same filters were then analyzed for 35 trace elements (Al, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Ba, La, Hg, Pb) by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) following Protocol 6 of the IO-3.3 method from the U.S. EPA (SRM 1832, 1833). Because quartz filters were used for this study, the concentrations of Si, Na, and Mg were not reported, as quartz is a mineral composed of Si with some impurities of Na and Mg, and it might cause interference in their real quantification. The content of inorganic ions was determined by ion chromatography (Thermo Scientific Dionex). The analyses for anions (Cl–, NO3–, SO42–) were conducted following the 300.0 method from the U.S. EPA using a Dionex column and conductivity cell detector. A sodium bicarbonate (1.7 mM NaHCO3) and sodium carbonate (1.8 mM Na2CO3) eluent solution was used as the solvent. For cations (Na+, NH4+, K+), the 300.7 method from the U.S. EPA was followed, using a Dionex IonPac column and suppressed conductivity detector with a pump rate of 2.0 mL min–1 and sample loop of 50 µL. The sample was eluted using 18 mM of methanesulfonic acid at 1.0 mL min–1. Here, some of the missing ions that could affect the ion balance are Li+, Ca2+, NO2–, Br3–, PO43–, and organic acids and their salts. The content of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) was determined by thermo-optical transmittance (Sunset thermo-optical carbon analyzer) following the 5040 NIOSH method. The EC analysis was conducted using temperature profiles of 550, 625, 700, 775, and 850°C in an oxidizing atmosphere (He:O2 90:10 v/v). EC was oxidized from the filter into the oxidation oven, converted into CO2, reduced to CH4, and detected by flame ionization detection (FID) as CH4. To quantify the OC and EC, a split point is defined as the point at which the light transmittance of the sample returns to the initial value. The carbon that evolved before or after the split point was considered to be OC or EC, respectively. A detailed description of this method can be found elsewhere (Birch and Cary 1996; NIOSH 2003).