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Robot Modularity for Service Robots
Published in Paolo Barattini, Vicentini Federico, Gurvinder Singh Virk, Tamás Haidegger, Human–Robot Interaction, 2019
Hong Seong Park, Gurvinder Singh Virk
Safety is the state of being protected from harm or other non-desirable things or being free from danger, risk, threat of harm, injury, or loss to personnel and/or property which can occur intentionally or by accident. Safety can be classified into inherent safety or needing complementary (or protective) safety measures. The former is safety provided by the module itself and the latter is safety provided by additional devices. Module safety and robot system safety mean the states in which a robot module and a robot system operate suitably according to the user’s intent (e.g., acceptable risk) even when a fault occurs. Consider the example of not being hurt by a mechanical part. An example of inherent safety is rounding the corners of the mechanical part; examples of complementary safety is attaching soft, plastic-like protectors at the corners or attaching a safety guide that helps to connect a mechanical joint to a mechanical link safely. Another example of the former type of safety is detecting faults caused by known errors in electronic parts and preventing them from developing into hazardous situations.
Railway accidents
Published in Junyi Zhang, Cheng-Min Feng, Routledge Handbook of Transport in Asia, 2018
The inherent safety measures can be classified into two types: measures that can lower the possibility of accidents, and measures that can reduce the severity of accidents. There are many factors influencing the possibility of railway accidents occurring, and these include system reliability, system anti-disaster ability, human errors, and behaviors related to violation of regulations. For railway operations, there are dangers from both natural and human factors. However, whether a potential risk factor can cause an accident depends on the reliability of the system structure and the management of the organization. The most important approach to reduce the probability of accidents occurring is to make the system inherently safe, in which human factors, operational environment, and mechanisms are all considered together from the systems point of view. Once errors are detected at facilities due to the malfunctioning of any parts or human manipulations, the system is capable of changing to a safe state without damage, including system pause.
High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Thermal Reactors
Published in Kenneth D. Kok, Nuclear Engineering Handbook, 2016
The safety design objective is achieved through a combination of inherent safety characteristics and design selections that take maximum advantage of the inherent characteristics. The inherent characteristics and design selections include
A Novel Core Design with Movable Moderator for a Fluoride Salt–Cooled High-Temperature Reactor
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2023
Zuolong Zhu, Dean Wang, Valmor de Almeida, Charles Forsberg, Eugene Shwageraus
Fluoride salt–cooled High-temperature Reactors (FHRs) comprise a class of new Generation IV reactor designs that use graphite as the moderator and low-pressure liquid fluoride salt as coolant with a high degree of inherent safety. Compared to conventional High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) or British Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) concepts, molten salt coolant allows the FHR designs to have higher thermal efficiency, higher volumetric heat capacities, better thermal conductivity, and near atmospheric pressure operational advantages.