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Phosphorous-Based FRs
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
RPO(OH)2+NaOH→H2O+RPO(OH)(ONa)(monosodiumphosphonate)RPO(OH)(ONa)+NaOH→H2O+RPO(ONa)2(disodiumphosphonate Phosphonate esters are the result of condensation of phosphonic acids with alcohols. Phosphinates or hypophosphites are a class of phosphorus compounds that are conceptually based on the structure of hypophosphorous acid. IUPAC prefers the term phosphinate in all cases; however in practice, hypophosphite is usually used to describe inorganic species (e.g., sodium hypophosphite), while phosphinate typically refers to organophosphorus species.
Constitution of a Chemical Reaction and Reaction Balancing
Published in John Andraos, Reaction Green Metrics, 2018
(a) phosphorous pentoxide; (b) phosphorus trioxide; (c) phosphorus tetroxide; (d) P4O6; (e) P4O10; (f) phosphorus oxychloride; (g) sodium pyrophosphate; (h) sodium trimetaphosphate; (i) phosphinic acid; (j) phosphoric acid; (k) phosphorous acid; (l) hypophosphorous acid; (m) trimethyl phosphite; (n) dimethyl methylphosphonate
Physicochemical and aging characterisation of bio-binders from pine wood resin for paving applications
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Maria Jose Castro-Alonso, Leidy V. Espinosa, Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Kamilla Vasconcelos Savasini, Julio Cesar Dos Santos, Raquel Moraes, Silvio Silvério da Silva, Liedi L.B. Bernucci
Bio-binders analysed in this study, named Bio A and Bio B, were provided by the Brazilian chemical company Quimigel and are the result of thermochemical processes of by-products generated in the processing and treatment of pine wood resins (Leal & Leal, 2018). According to Leal & Leal (2018), bioproducts (Bio A and Bio B) were prepared by addition between a range of 38 % – 42 % (m/m) of pine wood resins pure or modified. The mixture was heated at 180°C under an inert atmosphere. Subsequently, 0.1% (m/m) of hypophosphorous acid and 9% (m/m) of fumaric acid were added, and the mixture was maintained under stirring at 180°C for two hours. Then 10.9% (m/m) of glycerine was added, and the reaction was carried, under the same conditions, until the acid value of the bio-binders obtained was below 200 mg KOH/g. However, details on the specific modification of each bio-binder remain under patent-protected secrecy. Bio A and Bio B were characterised by standard assays and compared to a neat asphalt binder classified by penetration as AC 30/45 (Table 1).