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Modular Systems for Energy and Fuel Transport
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Modular Systems for Energy Usage Management, 2020
X-STORE transport modules [133] with type 44 composite lightweight design vessels are among the most efficient gas-transport systems available worldwide. They are being successfully used for the transport of hydrogen. Currently, there are modules with 250, 300, and 500 bar in use. The modules are available in a container-type design and also in the form of a battery vehicle in sizes from 10 to 45 ft. These lightweight design high-pressure vessels are arranged vertically, and they optimally utilize the container space. The extremely light and at the same time rugged design of modules in combination with the optimal use of space, provides the world’s largest transport volumes. This in turn reduces the operational costs of the customers. The modules are manufactured in a container-type construction and thus comply with international safety standards for maritime containers. They are mounted on a conventional ISO-standard chassis, which offers significant advantages when service and maintenance work is required on the module or the chassis. Hydrogen tube trailers (see Figure 9.3) are semi-trailers that consist of 10–36 cluster high-pressure hydrogen tanks varying in length from 20 ft (6.10 m) for small tubes to 38 ft (11.58 m) on jumbo tube trailers. They are part of the hydrogen highway and usually precede a local hydrogen station.
Experimental study on hydrogen-air premixed gas explosion in confined space
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Ning Zhou, Teng Wang, Xue Li, Pengfei Ni, Huijun Zhao
Hydrogen is a high-quality fuel with the advantages of cleanliness and high efficiency. By the end of 2018, there were 369 hydrogen stations in the world, including 152 in Europe, 136 in Asia, 78 in North America, and three in other regions. Countries all over the world pay great attention to hydrogen energy. However, hydrogen has the characteristics of easy leakage, flammability, and explosiveness. After the leak, it is easy to form explosive gas cloud and cause explosion accidents. On May 23, 2019, a hydrogen tank explosion accident occurred in a factory in South Korea causing two people died and four others injured. On June 1, 2019, in a chemical product company in the United States, a hydrogen transport trailer leaked. The leaked high-pressure gaseous hydrogen spontaneously ignited during the discharge process. Unfortunately, the evaporation gas recovery device of the surrounding hydrogen station did not work, there was more hydrogen leakage and eventually led to a chain explosion. The accident caused huge economic losses and the interruption of the hydrogen supply. In view of the frequent occurrence of hydrogen safety accidents, the safe practices of hydrogen usage have received more and more attention. The domestic and foreign scholars have carried out many research studies on the explosion propagation characteristics and flame propagation dynamics of hydrogen-air premixed gases in confined spaces.