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Mammalian Cell Physiology
Published in Anthony S. Lubiniecki, Large-Scale Mammalian Cell Culture Technology, 2018
The transport of cationic amino acids in human skin fibroblasts has been shown to be through the y+ transporter (111). When cells were incubated in physiological concentrations of arginine and homoarginine, distribution ratios (the ratio of intracellular concentration to extracellular concentration) of over 20 were achieved. System y+ also transports lysine in cultured human fibroblasts (112) and is probably identical to the Ly+ system which functions in other cell types (111).
Assessment of potential cardiovascular risk in trichloroethylene exposure by serum methylated arginine levels
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Servet Birgin Iritas, Aybike Dip, Meside Gunduzoz, Lutfiye Tutkun, Vugar Ali Turksoy, Serdar Deniz, Gulsum Tekin, Ozgur Oztan, Ali Unlu
In recent years, especially biomarkers based on nitric oxide which are effective on the cardiovascular system are used to determine the possible cardiac risks. Nitric oxide is formed in the endothelium by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and it is known as a potent endogenous vasodilator and a heart protector (Furchgott and Zawadzki 1980; Förstermann et al. 1994). In addition to vasodilatation, it also inhibits adhesion of monocytes and leukocytes to the endothelium (Kubes et al. 1991), aggregation of platelets (Wolf et al. 1997), smooth muscle cell proliferation (Böger et al. 1998a), and oxidation of LDL (Hogg et al. 1993). In many researches, potential cardiovascular effects of toxic substances have been determined by the direct measurement of NO biomarkers amount. Another way is to measure the levels of biomarkers that cause NO inhibition. NO itself is formed during the oxidation of L-arginine amino acid to L-citrulline amino acid by NO synthases. Therefore the levels of L-arginine (Arg), L-homoarginine (HArg), and methylated products of arginine such as NG-methyl-L-arginine (monomethylarginine; L-NMMA), NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine (asymmetric dimethylarginine, ADMA), and NG,N’G-dimethyl-L-arginine (symmetric dimethylarginine; SDMA) influence nitric oxide (NO) synthesis (Caplin and Leiper 2012). HArg blocks the endogenous NO synthesis via competing with L-arginine. NMMA also inhibits nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzyme. While SDMA indirectly inhibits NOS, ADMA directly inhibits NOS (Servillo et al. 2013).