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Plant Source Mediated Synthesis
Published in Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait, Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 2023
Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait
Naseem and Farrukh (2015) reported synthesis of Fe NPs using Lawsonia inermis (henna) and Gardenia jasminoides leaf extract by simple conventional heating method. The average diameter of Fe NPs obtained using Lawsonia inermis leaf extract was 21 nm, whereas an average diameter of 32 nm was obtained for Gardenia leaf extract mediated Fe NPs. Through experiment it was found that lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) was the main component within henna, which basically consists of units such as p-benzoquinone, benzene, and phenols. Hence such bioactive components synthesized better stabilized coated Fe NPs. Henna synthesized Fe NPs were found to be agglomerated and had distorted hexagonal-like shape. Whereas shattered rod-like Fe NPs were observed in agglomerated form using Gardenia, leaf extract. The synthesized Fe NPs, due to better bioactive coatings, were found to show better antibacterial activity against human pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Core Eudicots: Dicotyledons IV
Published in Donald H. Les, Aquatic Dicotyledons of North America, 2017
Lythraceae include a fair number of economically important plants. Many cultivated ornamentals are derived from Cuphea, Lagerstroemia, Lythrum, and Punica. The latter is also the source of the edible pomegranate (P. granatum). Leaves of Lawsonia inermis are the commercial source of henna dye. The decorative “crapemyrtles” that ornament the streets of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina are not members of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), but specimens of Lagerstroemia indica. Several genera (e.g., Lythrum, Rotala) contain invasive species.
Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2019
Alireza Ebrahiminezhad, Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh, Saeed Taghizadeh, Younes Ghasemi, Aydin Berenjian, Mostafa Seifan
Table 3.5 shows the various sources of plant extract and reducing agents for the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles. It has been reported that Calotropis procera L. latex is rich in protein including antioxidant enzymes (AOEs), cysteine protease with free thiol (–SH) group, and tryp-tophan (Freitas et al. 2007). Therefore, its extract can be used for the green fabrication of nanoparticles. The Calotropis procera L. latex-mediated synthesis of Cu NP was performed in the presence of copper acetate at room temperature and the particles subjected to characterization study (Harne et al. 2012). The characterization results showed monodisperse nanoparticles with an average diameter of 15 ± 1.7 nm. It was also found that the capping with latex proteins brings about a long-term stability of nanoparticles in an aqueous medium. In another investigation, the extract of Henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves as a source of lawsone (2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, C10H6O3), gallic acid, glucose, mannitol, fats, resin, mucilage, and alkaloids was used for copper nanoparticles synthesis (Cheirmadurai et al. 2014). Similarly, the extract obtained from dried leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. was identified as a source of polyphenolics and shown potential for the biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles (Nasrollahzadeh and Mohammad Sajadi 2015). The particles were synthesized upon the addition of Ginkgo biloba L. extract to copper chloride solution at a temperature of 80°C and pH of 9 for 30 min under vigorous shaking condition. Authors noted that the fabricated nanoparticles were stable for one month and had a narrow particle size distribution ranging from 15 to 20 nm. Copper nanoparticles were also synthesized using the aromatic dried flower buds of Myrtaceae tree (Syzygium aromaticum) (Subhankari and Nayak 2013). The copper precursor (5M copper sulphate) and plant extract were incubated for 1 h to allow the formation of nanoparticles nuclei. The characterization study was then performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a particle size of 14–50 nm was noticed. Depending on the types of employed copper salts, different particle size and shape have been reported. For instance, Shanker and Rhim (Shankar and Rhim 2014) observed various particle shapes when they added different precursor salts into a solution containing ascorbic acid as a reducing agent. The presence of copper acetate resulted in the formation of rod shape nanoparticles, while the addition of copper chloride and copper sulphate led to triangular and spherical shape, respectively. In another study, it was shown that the dropwise addition of olive tree (Olea europaea) leaf extract into an aqueous solution of copper sulphate at 100°C for 24 h results in the production of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (Sulaiman et al. 2018a). The synthesized CuO nanoparticles showed a peak absorbance at 298 nm in UV-vis spectroscopy analysis, and the particles had a crystalline nature with a diameter of 20 nm.
Safety and bioactivity assessment of aqueous extract of Thai Henna (Lawsonia inermis Linn.) Leaf
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2021
Orawan Khantamat, Nahathai Dukaew, Jirarat Karinchai, Teera Chewonarin, Pornsiri Pitchakarn, Piya Temviriyanukul
Henna is traditionally used for hair and skin staining as a pure dye paste prepared from its stems and leaves with the addition of coffee or tea to enhance the color. Since the paste is applied directly to hair and skin, the potential for allergic reaction or inflammation by skin contact raises concerns. The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, consists of 90% of the keratinocyte cells, which function as a barrier against environmental damage and invading pathogens (McGrath, Eady, and Pope 2004). During the development of inflammation, cells at the epidermis are induced and generate proinflammatory mediators. Nitric oxide (NO), an important mediator involved in cellular inflammatory responses, is overproduced. Excess accumulation of NO subsequently elevates the progression of inflammatory disorders (Blaser et al. 2016). Therefore, the suppression of NO production may be an essential target to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity of the aqueous extract HAE and HHE. In the present study, the toxicity of HAE and HHE in keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) and macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) was determined, and no significant cytotoxicity was observed after exposure of the cells to the extracts for 48 hr. The HAE and HHE also did not initiate cytotoxicity to primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Our results are in agreement with Elansary et al. (2020) that the methanolic extract of henna leaves from Northern Saudi Arabia exerted no toxicity to normal human cells, HEK-293 (IC50 > 400 μg/ml). These results might be related to henna leaf extract ability to reduce intracellular ROS production leading to decreased ROS-mediated damage of the intracellular biomolecules and organelles needed for cell survival.
Study the dyeing behavior of wool fabric using henna extract in decamethyl cyclopentasiloxane (D5) medium
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Omer Kamal Alebeid, Liujun Pei, Hashim Sliman, Wenlong Zhou, Jiping Wang
Henna has several remarkable advantages, such as it does not pose any hazard to health, is easily harmonized with nature having a slight chemical reactivity and does not have adverse environmental problems (Samanta & Konar, 2011, Uğur et al., 2014 & Gurjar et al., 2014)