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Electrochemical Energy
Published in Prasanth Raghavan, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, 2021
P. P. Abhijith, N. S. Jishnu, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Akhila Das, Jou-Hyeon Ahn, Jabeen Fatima M. J., Prasanth Raghavan
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that use hydrogen (H2), or H2-rich fuels, together with oxygen from the air, to provide electricity and heat. However, there are many variations of this fundamental process, depending on the fuel-cell type and the fuel which is used. The major applications of fuel cells include the areas, such as stationary power generators, distributed power generators, portable power generators for transportation, military projects, the automotive market, micropower generators, and auxiliary power generators [81]. These are all applications used in a wide range of industries and environments on a global scale. The first fuel cell was demonstrated by Welsh scientist Sir William Grove in 1839, but the principle of the fuel cell was discovered by German scientist C. F. Schönbein. The first modification of the fuel cell was carried out by the chemist, W.T. Grubb, by using a sulfonated polystyrene ion-exchange membrane as the electrolyte in 1955 [82, 83].
2 Generation
Published in I. M. Mujtaba, R. Srinivasan, N. O. Elbashir, The Water–Food–Energy Nexus, 2017
Gyan Prakash Sharma, Arun Prakash Upadhyay, Dilip Kumar Behara, Sri Sivakumar, Raj Ganesh S. Pala
As described in previous sections, conversion of solar energy into hydrogen is the most promising alternative to satisfy the world’s energy demands in the future. However, development of energy-efficient and economically viable H2 production processes is the major challenge, which prevents the world from shifting from fossil fuel to hydrogen-based economy [5,6,39,40]. In the recent years, extensive research has been performed and still is going on toward the production of clean hydrogen from water mainly using electrochemical (EC), photocatalytic (PC), and photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes [5,6,40]. Typically, water splitting as shown in Figure 16.7 includes two major reactions, i.e., water reduction (for H2 production) and water oxidation (for O2 production) as shown in below reactions:
Polymeric Materials for Hydrogen Storage
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Tariq Altalhi, Polymers in Energy Conversion and Storage, 2022
Seyyedeh Fatemeh Hosseini, Shiva Mohajer, Mir Saeed Seyed Dorraji
However, H2 is an abundant element in nature; it is mainly found in combination with oxygen as water or organic compounds. There are many ways to produce H2, for instance, steam reforming of fossil fuel, electrochemical cycling, water electrolysis, direct splitting, and the fermentation of water photocatalytically or thermochemically. It is important that the use of renewable energy sources (e.g., solar and wind) in H2 production leads to a significant reduction in CO2 emissions. At the same time, the use of fossil fuels as non-renewable energy sources will increase the need for carbon capture and sequestration to reduce CO2 emissions (Züttel, 2003).
Coordination of thermal/wind energies in power-to-gas process for cost/pollution abatement considering wind energy recovery
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Reza Hemmati, Seyyed Mostafa Nosratabadi, Hasan Mehrjerdi, Mosayeb Bornapour
The power to gas (P2G) process is one of the interesting techniques to make a connection between various energy carriers. The P2G process is an interesting clean energy conversion system for converting electrical energy to various gasses like H2 and CH4 (Shahparasti et al. 2020). The produced gasses may be stored or transferred as substitution fuels for electricity and can be converted back to electricity again (Li et al. 2021a). The H2 is consumed by fuel-cell to produce electricity and CH4 could also be injected to the combustion engines for generating electrical energy (El-Taweel, Khani, and Farag 2019). Different fuel-cell types may be used such as proton exchange membrane, alkaline, phosphoric acid, diesel oil, or liquefied natural gas (Inal and Deniz 2020). The P2G system utilizes various methods to convert electrical energy to H2. The steam reforming techniques are one of the major techniques to produce H2. The gas extraction methods also use water electrolyzer and produce H2. The Methanation reaction combines H2 and CO2 to produce CH4 (Wang et al. 2021). The power to gas combined with biological and thermochemical bioenergy systems can achieve green renewable gases, that are vital to decrease the greenhouse gas footprint in the industries (Wu et al. 2021). The efficiency of power to gas technology is often about 75% and application of high-temperature cells may improve the overall efficiency to about 75.8% (Lewandowska-Bernat and Desideri 2018).
Cu nanoparticles confined in TiO2 nanotubes to enhance the water-gas shift reaction activity
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2021
Yaqian Chen, Xiangnan Li, Juan Li, Liangpeng Wu, Xinjun Li
Hydrogen (H2) energy is regarded as the promising clean fuel to replace the fossil fuel (Lang, Sécordel, and Courson 2017; Plata et al. 2016; Saeidi et al. 2017). It is of great significance to develop the low cost and high-efficiency industrial H2 production technology. Currently, steam reforming of hydrocarbons are mainly used method for H2 production. The reformed fuel contains an impurity CO, it is harmful to the proton exchange membrane fuel cells by using H2 as a feedstock (Pal et al. 2018). The reaction of water-gas shift (WGS) (CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2) is the intermediate step used to remove CO and enrich H2 (Plata et al. 2016; Rubin et al. 2018). As the WGS reaction is a reversible and exothermic reaction, research has been focused on the higher-activity catalysts that are capable of improving the reaction rates at the thermodynamically favorable low-temperature operational regime (Baharudin et al. 2019; Pal et al. 2018). Meanwhile, the exploration of low-temperature shift catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability for WGS are significant for the development of H2 production technology from biomass syngas (Lang, Sécordel, and Courson 2017).
Enhancing electricity supply mix in Oman with energy storage systems: a case study
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Mohammed Albadi, Abdullah Al-Badi, R. Ghorbani, A. Al-Hinai, Rashid Al-Abri
H2 is colourless as a liquid, and as a vapour it is colourless, odourless, tasteless, and highly flammable. H2 may be stored in multiple ways. Compressed H2 is a storage form in which H2 is kept (in tanks) under pressures ranging from 350 to 700 bars. It may alternatively be stored as a liquid in tanks (stored at −253°C). It is always a challenge to store H2 as a liquid because doing so is both technically and energetically inefficient (Newton 2014). In addition, H2 can be stored (through absorption) on the surfaces of or within certain solids. Novel storage solutions involve underground H2 storage in the form of salt caverns, and depleted petroleum reservoirs.