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Nano-Delivery System for Food Bioactives
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Parthasarathi, Food Nanotechnology, 2019
Das Trishitman, C. Anandharamakrishnan
Mono- and diacylglycerols are the main constituents of glycerol monostearate. There have been differences in the specifications of glycerol monostearate by Ph. Eur. and United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Glycerol monostearate contains 40% monostearoylglycerol based on the report of Ph. Eur., whereas USP reported it consists of no less than 90% monoacylglycerols of saturated fatty acids, mainly monostearoylgycerols and glyceryls monopalmitate. As glycerol monostearate is a non-toxic and non-irritant material, it is been widely used in cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceutical formulations as a non-ionic emulsifier, stabilizer, emollient, and plasticizer. Glyceryl palmitostearate is a good solid lipid for sustained release applications. It consists of mono-, di-, and triacylglycerols of palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) fatty acids. Cetyl esters waxes are primarily mixtures of esters of saturated fatty alcohols (C14–C18) and saturated fatty acids (C14–C18) as described by USP and are not permitted in food applications. However, naturally occurring waxes (carnauba, candelilla, and bees) are approved as GRAS for direct addition to food and are consequently used for food application as solid lipid in the formulation of NLCs.
Chemistry and Biology of Monoglycerides in Cosmetic Formulations
Published in Eric Jungermann, Norman O.V. Sonntag, Glycerine, 2018
Glyceryl monostearate functions as an emulsifier, stabilizer, thickener, opacifier, or emollient in products such as skin creams and lotions, antiperspirants (creams and roll-ons), shampoos, cream hair rinses and conditioners, as well as suntan creams and lotions.
Enzymatic synthesis of Isopropyl stearate, a cosmetic emollient: optimisation and kinetic approach
Published in Indian Chemical Engineer, 2023
Sarita D. Gawas, Prasanna Joshi, Virendra K. Rathod
In recent reports, Garcia et al. investigated the synthesis of isopropyl palmitate by Novozym 435 with 70% esterification degree at 65°C–75°C temperature and 2.2–7.83 wt. % catalyst in 120 min of reaction time [15]. In another study, Richetti et al. synthesised 2-ethylhexyl palmitate by Novozym 435 with 93% conversion at 1:5.5 of acid to alcohol molar ratio, 10.5 wt. % of the enzyme, 150 rpm, and 70°C at 6 h of reaction time [16]. Kavadia, et al. reported the synthesis of glycerol monostearate (GMS) via esterification of glycerol and stearic acid using Novozym 435 and immobilised Candida antarctica B lipase [17]. Although many research papers have been published using an enzyme as a catalyst for the synthesis of various value-added esters in recent years, there is practically no data available on the biocatalytic synthesis of isopropyl stearate in solvent-free conditions.
The impact of formulation variables on the optimization of pilot scale clobetasol 17-propionate creams
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2020
Ayeshah Fateemah Beebee Fauzee, Roderick Bryan Walker
Formulating a semi-solid pharmaceutical product is technically challenging due to potential stability issues and the use of appropriate surfactants may enhance the stability of topical products dramatically of used at appropriate concentrations (Sheikh et al., 2011). Gelot® 64 is an oil-in-water emulsifying agent that is a mixture of glyceryl stearate and polyethylene glycol-75 stearate (PEG-75 stearate) and functions as a surfactant, solubilizer, thickening agent, emollient, spreading agent, wetting agent, and dispersant in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations (Fauzee, 2011). Glyceryl monostearate acts as a self-emulsifying system that usually produces satisfactory o/w emulsions as it is a mixture of monoacylglycerols that consist mainly of monostearoylglycerol, with variable amounts of di- and tri-acylglycerols (Ballmann & Mueller, 2008). Cetostearyl alcohol is a mixture of solid aliphatic alcohols that is used as a stiffening agent and/or emulsion stabilizer in cream, ointment, and other topical preparations (Fauzee, 2011). Skin penetration enhancers are critical to improve the partitioning of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) into the stratum corneum thereby facilitating drug transport into and through the skin. Formulation scientists may add additional non-volatile, water-miscible co-solvents such as propylene glycol into cream formulations to further enhance the permeation process. In this way evaporation of components of a formulation occurs leaving a film with a high concentration of API on the skin surface further increasing the concentration gradient and facilitation of drug delivery. The cream, therefore, deposits lipids and other moisturizers on and into the horny layer of the skin, increasing and/or restoring hydration of the tissues (Walker & Smith, 1996).